Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Question 1

INTRACELLULAR FLUIDS make up about _____ of the fluid in the body

Answer 1

TWO-THIRDS

Question 2

EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS make up about ____ of the fluid in the body

Answer 2

ONE-THIRD

Question 3

WAYS THAT FLUID GETS INTO THE BODY

Answer 3

INGESTED FLUIDS

INGESTED FOODS

METABOLIC WATER - created by chemical reaction in the body

Question 4

WHAT ARE SOME WAYS THAT FLUIDS LEAVE THE BODY

Answer 4

KIDNEYS

SKIN

LUNGS

GI TRACT

Question 5

______ is the principle mechanism to regulate fluid intake

Answer 5

THIRST

Question 6

WHERE IS THE THIRST MECHANISM BE CENTERED IN OUR BODY

Answer 6

HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 7

A DECREASE IN BLOOD VOLUME CAUSES ____________

Answer 7

A DECREASE IN BLOOD PRESSURE

Question 8

osmoreceptors (a type of mechanoreceptors) in the hypothalamus detect an increased ratio of solutes to fluid in the blood ( ______ ______ ______ )

Answer 8

INCREASED OSMOTIC PRESSURE

Question 9

our sensation of thirst tends to lag behind our need for water, so it is good to replenish fluids during activities or high temps ____ ____ ____ _____

Answer 9

BEFORE you feel thirsty

Question 10

3 hormones that are key to controlling fluid and solute loss from body

Answer 10

ADH - from posterior pit/hypothalamus

ANP - from heart

ALDOSTERONE - from adrenal cortex

Question 11

ADH is released by the posterior pituitary/hypothalamus in response to

Answer 11

an increase in osmotic pressure (decrease in water concentration in body fluids)

Question 12

ADH stimulates

Answer 12

WATER REABSORPTION BY THE KIDNEYS

Question 13

ANP is released by the heart due to

Answer 13

increased blood volume, stretching the atria

Question 14

ANP stimulates

Answer 14

secretion of sodium and chloride by the kidneys, water follows, and blood volume decreases

Question 15

decreased blood pressure triggers the kidneys to release

Answer 15

the enzyme RENIN

Question 16

renin promotes the conversion of the plasma protein _____ into ____

Answer 16

ANGIOTENSINOGEN INTO

ANGIOTENSIN 1

Question 17

An enzyme in the lungs conveys angiotensin 1 into

Answer 17

angiotensin II

Question 18

angiotensin II stimules

Answer 18

the release of ALDOSTERONE from the adrenal cortex

Question 19

ALDOSTERONE promotes

Answer 19

the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys and the obligatory reabsorption of water

Question 20

if osmolarity of interstitial fluid increase, such as if the body becomes ______, cells may shrink as fluid leaves cells and moves to interstitial fluid

Answer 20

DEHYDRATED

Question 21

if osmolarity of interstitial fluid, on the other hand, decreases, cells may

Answer 21

swell as fluids move into cells

***could cause cells to burst

Question 22

SUBSTANCE THAT WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER DISSOCIATES INTO POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IONS forming a solution that can conduct an electrical current

Answer 22

ELECTROLYTE

Question 23

Most examples of electrolytes can be classified as

Answer 23

MINERALS

Question 24

most abundant electrolyte (90%) extracellular cation (+).

key roles in fluid and electrolyte balance and action potentials in neurons and muscles.

controlled by aldosterone, ADH, and ANP

Answer 24

SODIUM

Question 25

most prevalent anion (-)

key roles in fluid and electrolyte balance, part of HCL in the stomach

controlled by aldosterone

Answer 25

CHLORIDE

Question 26

Most abundant cation in intracellular fluid

fluid electrolyte balance, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, pH

controlled by aldosterone

Answer 26

POTASSIUM (K+)

Question 27

second most prevalent extracellular anion (-)

fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance, pH

the kidneys either form or excrete it

Answer 27

BICARBONATE (HCO3-)

Question 28

most abundant mineral in the body, with 98% in bones and teeth, 1% in body fluids and other tissues like muscle

blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone, nerve impulses, muscle contraction

levels controlled by several hormones: PTH, calcitriol (vit D), calcitonin (CT)

Answer 28

CALCIUM (Ca++)

Question 29

most esists as part of calcium phosphate salts in bones and teeth. about 15% exists as various ions (H2PO4-, HPO4–, AND PO4—). H2PO4- is the form most often mentioned as an intracellular anion

buffer H+, part of ATP, many organic molecules

PTH and calcitriol in great part regulate levels

Answer 29

PHOSPHATE

Question 30

much in bones (54%), the rest in intracellular fluids (45%) and extracellular fluids (1%)

cofactor in many enzymes needed for metabolism of CHO and PRO, sodium/potassium pump, neuromuscular functioning, synaptic transmission, myocardial fucntion

several factors influence secretion by kidneys; hypercalcemia, hypermagnesemia, PTH, and acidosis are among them

Answer 30

MAGNESIUM

Question 31

as electrolytes are often dissolved in body fluids, ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES OFTEN ACCOMPANY

Answer 31

FLUID IMBALANCE

Question 32

CAUSES OF ELECTROLYTE/FLUID IMBALANCE

Answer 32

excessive perspiration

vomiting or diarrhea

hormonal problems

dietary insufficiency or excess supplementation

may also occur due to medications, kidney probs, diabetes, heart failure, cancer, and numerous other conditions

Question 33

electrolyte/fluid imbalances may have MILD TO SEVERE CONSEQUENCES such as

Answer 33

muscle spasms or tenting, fatigue, or cardiac arrhythmias

Question 34

____ is associated with hydrogen ions (H+) and some negative ions

Answer 34

ACIDS

Question 35

____ dissociate in water to hydroxyl ions (OH-) and some positive ions

Answer 35

BASES

Question 36

____ dissociate in water into positive and negative ions, neither of which is hydrogen or hydroxl

Answer 36

SALTS

Question 37

on the pH scale, LOWER NUMBERS ARE ____ ____ while HIGHER NUMBERS ARE ____ ____

Answer 37

STRONG ACIDS;
STRONG BASES

7 IS NEUTRAL

Question 38

3 notable MECHANISMS TO MAINTAIN ACID-BASE BALANCE

Answer 38

RENAL REGULATION

RESPIRATION

BUFFER SYSTEMS

Question 39

KIDNEYS PROVIDE LONG-TERM acid base balance.

they can EXCRETE ____ ____ and REABSORB ____ _____

Answer 39

HYDROGEN IONS (H+)

BICARBONATE (HCO3-)

Question 40

RESPIRATION is a way to control the acid-base balance, especially in the

Answer 40

SHORT-TERM

Question 41

an increase in CO2 in body fluids increases ______

Answer 41

ACIDITY (lowers pH)

Question 42

BY ELIMINATING CO2 through breathing, we produce less carbonic acid, and less will dissociate into H+ ions, thereby

Answer 42

REDUCING ACIDITY

Question 43

most ____ ____ in the body consist of a weak acid and the salt of that acid, which starts as a weak base

Answer 43

BUFFER SYSTEMS

Question 44

buffers prevent large pH swings by

Answer 44

CONVERTING STRONG ACIDS AND BASES INTO WEAK ONES VERY QUICKLY (milliseconds)

Question 45

inadequate exhalation of CO2 causes blood pH to drop.

emphysema, pulmonary edema, brain stem injuries, airway obstruction, and respiratory muscle problems - all can lead to this problem

Answer 45

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

Question 46

loss of HCO3 in body fluids from severe diarrhea, kidney dysfunction, accumulation of an acid (ketosis), and kidney failure to remove H+

Answer 46

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

Question 47

hyperventilation leads to a loss of CO2

altitude, pulmonary disease, CVA, severe anxiety

increasing levels of CO2 can help (bag breathing)

Answer 47

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

Question 48

Loss of acids (vomiting loss of Hal), excessive intake of alkaline meds, diuretics, severe dehydration

Answer 48

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

Question 49

why are fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance often addressed together

Answer 49

IMBALANCES OF ONE TEND TO INVOLVE IMBALANCES IN THE OTHERS