Reproductive system 1 Flashcards
another term used to refer to reproduction
CONTINUITY
the principle reproductive organs in either females or males could be referred to as
GONADS
Name of gonads in females? In males?
OVARIES
TESTES
gonads serve what two principle functions?
produce gametes (gametogenesis)
produce hormones
in addition to gonads, other reproductive structures may be loosely grouped into one of these categories:
DUCTS:
ACCESSORY GLANDS:
SUPPORTING STRUCTURES:
DUCTS
store and/or transport gametes
ACCESSORY GLANDS
produce substances that protect gametes or facilitate their movement
SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
support/protect gonads, facilitate delivery/joining of gametes, and/or assist the growth of an embryo/fetus during pregnancy
TESTES
MALE GONADS
- paired oval glands located in the scrotum
- they are about 2 in. long and 1 in. in diameter
- develop in abd. cavity and then descend into the scrotum from the abdominal cavity in the latter 7th month of development
condition of undescended testes
cryptorchidism
a testis is separated by septa into 200-300 wedge-shaped compartments called lobules.
each lobule contains 1-3 tightly coiled ____ ______
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
_____ _____ - develop into spermatocytes. _____ ____ progress from spermatogonium to sperm cells during spermatogenesis
SPERMATOGENIC CELLS (X2)
____ _____ - nourish, phagocytize excess cytoplasm, control movements of spermatogenic cells, produce fluid for sperm transport, release inhibit, and regulate testosterone and FSH
SERTOLI
between the seminiferous tubules are _______ CELLS. These produce the androgenic hormone testosterone
LEYDIG
The production of gametes in males is referred to as _______ and occurs in the walls of _______ _______ of the testes
SPERMATOGENESIS;
seminiferous tubules
when does spermatogenesis begin and end in males?
begins at puberty
ends at death
parts of a sperm cells
HEAD
ACROSOME
TAIL_
the _____ of sperm contain the nucleus/genetic material
HEAD
the _____ over the head of sperm has enzymes to break down the wall of an egg cell
ACROSOME
the _____ of sperm contains mitochondria wrapped around a middle piece for energy
TAIL
spermatozoa are produced in the _____ ____ of the testes and mature in the _____
seminiferous tubules
epididymis
functions of testosterone
stimulate descent of testes before birth
trigger prenatal development of the male reproductive tract
converted to estrogens in the brain - may help with the dev. of some brain parts
regulates spermatogenesis
sexual behavior and drive
promotes development/maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics such as hair patterns, deep voices, increases musculature
the ducts that lead from the testes to the exterior
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
SITE OF SPERM MATURATION - they become motile and functional, which takes about 14 days
EPIDIDYMIS
3 PARTS OF THE MALE URETHRA
PROSTATIC URETHRA
MEMBRANOUS URETHRA
SPONGY (penile) URETHRA
accessory glands of the reproductive system contribute substances that MAKE UP A BULK OF
SEMEN
accessory glands of the male reproductive system
two seminal vesicles
prostate gland
paired bulbourethral gland
the SECRETIONS of seminal vesicles make up about 60% of
THE VOLUME OF SEMEN
seminal vesicles contribute these substances to semen
ALKALINE FLUID - to neutralize acidity of the vaginal canal
FRUCTOSE
location of the prostate
inferior to the urinary bladder
receives the ejaculatory ducts
SURROUNDS THE PROSTATIC URETHRA
the prostate contributes the following to semen
CITRIC ACID - for ATP production
ENZYMES that break down clotting proteins from seminal vesicles
ANTIBIOTIC SUBSTANCE
ABOUT 25% OF SEMEN VOLUME
bulbourethral glands
secrete ALKALINE FLUID AND MUCUS
SECRETIONS MAKE UP 1-5% OF SEMEN VOLUME
the spermatic cord consists of
the vas deferens
blood vessels
lymphatic vessels
nerves
cremaster muscleth
the spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve PASS THROUGH THE
INGUINAL CANAL
The scrotum is divided into two sides by
an INTERNAL SEPTUM
DARTOS MUSCLE
consists of smooth muscle in the walls and septum and causes the scrotum to become tight/shriveled, reducing heat loss
CREMASTER MUSCLE
an internal band of skeletal muscle (extension of external oblique) associated with each testis that can pull testes closer to the body and internal heat
what is the purpose of the contraction and relaxation of the DARTOS AND CREMASTER MUSCLES?
TEMP REGULATION OF THE TESTES
the penis consists of
body
glans penis
root
the body of the penis consists of 3 cylinders that may become erect:
2 dorsolateral cylinders - CORPA CAVERNOSA
1 mid ventral cylinder - CORPUS SPONGIOSUM
GLANS PENIS
Acorn-shaped, does not become erect.
it’s rim, the corona, is highly invested with tactile receptors
ROOT of the penis consists of
a bulb (base of corpus spongiosum) and two crura (base of the corpus cavernosa)
the corpus cavernous and spongiosum of the penis consist of ____ ____, with spaces (sinuses) surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
ERECTILE TISSUE
upon sexual stimulation, _______ fibers from the ___ _____ OF THE SPINAL CORD trigger the release of nitric oxide (NO)
PARASYMPATHETIC;
SACRAL PORTION
Ejaculation is a ___ ____ centered in the _____ _____ and utilizes the ______ division
spinal reflex;
LUMBAR CORD;
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
