Immune Defense Mechanisms

Question 1

refers to the mechanisms of defense that we are born with, while “nonspecific” means that they include defenses against ANY pathogen - whether we have encountered it before or not

Answer 1

INATE IMMUNITY

Question 2

involves defenses against specific invading agents and may involve responses against something that we have encountered previously

Answer 2

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Question 3

Examples of innate immune mechaisms

Answer 3

physical barriers
mechanical removal
chemical measures
antimicrobial substances
cells
inflammation
fever

Question 4

phagocytes:

and include:

Answer 4

ingest and destroy microbes or particles such as cellular debris

include: NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES

Question 5

5 STEPS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS

Answer 5

CHEMOTAXIS
ADERENCE
INGESTION
DIGESTION
KILLING

Question 6

CHEMOTAXIS

Answer 6

chemicals from damaged cells, tissue macrophages, and microbes attract phagocytes to the affected area

Question 7

ADHERENCE

Answer 7

phagocytes attach to the microbe, which may be enhanced by complement proteins

Question 8

INGESTION

Answer 8

extensions of the plasma membrane of the phagocyte engulf the microbe, meet and fuse into a sac known as a phagosome

Question 9

DIGESTION

Answer 9

the phagosome merges with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome

enzymes and oxidants break down the microbe

Question 10

KILLING

Answer 10

the microbe is destroyed by the actions of the enzymes and oxidants

Question 11

these kind of cells make up about 5-10% of the lymphocytes in the blood and act non-specifically against our own cells that have been infected or against some tumor

Answer 11

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

Question 12

NK CELLS bind to

Answer 12

body cells that display abnormal plasma membrane proteins

Question 13

4 characteristics of inflammation

Answer 13

redness
pain
heat
swelling

Question 14

THREE BASIC STAGES OF INFLAMMATION

Answer 14

1. vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
2. emigration of phagocytes to the affected area and movement into tissue
3. tissue repair

Question 15

among the substances that tigger VASODILATION AND INCREASED PERMEABILITY are:

Answer 15

histamine
kinin
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
complement

Question 16

As blood flows into the affected area due to vasodilation, the accumulation of RBC’s leads to _____ of the area

Answer 16

REDNESS

Question 17

_____ carried by the blood makes the area warmer, which may make some defensive chemical reactions proceed more quickly and produce even more ____

Answer 17

HEAT

Question 18

______ is triggered by damage to neurons, pressure on nociceptors due to fluid accumulation in tissues (edema), and chemicals such as kinins, prostaglandins, or toxins released from microbes

Answer 18

PAIN

Question 19

_____ is due to the movement of formed elements and plasma proteins from the blood into tissues and subsequent movement of water via osmosis

Answer 19

SWELLING

Question 20

where in the body would the temperature be “set” to a higher level?

Answer 20

HYPOTHALAMUS - the thermostat of the body

Question 21

substances that are recognized as foreign and provoke immune responses are known as _____, which means that they provoke the body to produce ______

Answer 21

ANTIGENS;

antibodies

Question 22

adaptive responses include

Answer 22

SPECIFICITY

MEMORY

B AND T CELL involvement

Question 23

antigens that get past innate defenses like the skin tend to encounter lymphocytes in one of three places:

Answer 23

SPLEEN -in blood

LYMPH NODES - enter tissues or lymphatic vessels

MALT - if they penetrate mucous membranes

Question 24

located on your cells are ____ _____ that identify your cells as self

Answer 24

SELF-ANTIGENS

Question 25

AUTOIMMUNE

Answer 25

tolerance of our cells may break down and our immune defenses may attack healthy cells

Question 26

both B and T lymphocytes assume ___ ____ when they encounter the antigen to which they are specifically designed

Answer 26

ACTIVE FORMS

Question 27

ACTIVE FORM OF B CELLS

Answer 27

PLASMA CELLS

Question 28

PLASMA CELLS

Answer 28

PRODUCE ANTIBODIES which then act on pathogens *ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY*

Question 29

TWO ACTIVE FORMS OF T CELLS

Answer 29

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS HELPER T CELLS

Question 30

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

Answer 30

produce chemicals that directly attack invading antigens *CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY* * capable of destroying specific antigens by using destructive enzymes (like NK cells, but specific)

Question 31

HELPER T CELLS

Answer 31

utilize chemicals that assist both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses *use chemicals to assist many other defense mechanisms

Question 32

once _____ _____ occurs, thousands of lymphocytes can recognize the antigen on subsequent exposures

Answer 32

CLONAL SELECATION

Question 33

ANTIBODIES DO NOT DESTROY FOREIGN ANTIGENS, but

Answer 33

disable antigens by various mechanisms

Question 34

antibodies disable antigens by various mechanisms including:

Answer 34

neutralization agglutination or precipitation activating complement-antibody-antigen enhanced phagocytosis

Question 35

Neutralizing antigens

Answer 35

they NEUTRALIZE some bacterial antigens or prevent some viruses from attaching to body cells

Question 36

AGGLUTINATION OR PRECIPITATION of antigens

Answer 36

antibodies may "clump" antigens to each other

Question 37

-ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN

Answer 37

completes may trigger complement defenses

Question 38

ENHANCED PHAGOCYTOSIS

Answer 38

attraction of phagocytes by various means

Question 39

MEMORY CELLS

Answer 39

remember the antigen and may trigger immune responses very quickly on subsequent exposures to the same antigen

Question 40

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED DEFENSES are especially effective against

Answer 40

EXTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS - bacteria, viruses, or fungi in body fluids outside of body cells

Question 41

CELL-MEDIATED DEFENSES tend to be more effective against

Answer 41

PATHOGENS INSIDE OUR BODY CELLS, some cancer cells, and translated foreign tissues

Question 42

many antigens trigger both

Answer 42

antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses

Question 43

INNATE IMMUNITY may be determined by several different mechanisms:

Answer 43

SPECIES ANCESTRAL INDIVIDUAL

Question 44

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY may be due to

Answer 44

exposure to a pathogen or an antibody

Question 45

4 WAYS TO ACQUIRE IMMUNITY

Answer 45

naturally acquired active naturally acquired passive artificially acquired active artificially acquired acpassive

Question 46

NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE

Answer 46

encounter the pathogen by natural means

Question 47

NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE

Answer 47

"Borrow" antibodies, manually (breast milk, across the placenta

Question 48

ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE

Answer 48

receive an injection or other introduction of pathogens

Question 49

ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE

Answer 49

receive an injection of antibodies