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A&P II > Immune Defense Mechanisms > Flashcards

Immune Defense Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the mechanisms of defense that we are born with, while “nonspecific” means that they include defenses against ANY pathogen - whether we have encountered it before or not

A

INATE IMMUNITY

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2
Q

involves defenses against specific invading agents and may involve responses against something that we have encountered previously

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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3
Q

Examples of innate immune mechaisms

A

physical barriers
mechanical removal
chemical measures
antimicrobial substances
cells
inflammation
fever

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4
Q

phagocytes:

and include:

A

ingest and destroy microbes or particles such as cellular debris

include: NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES

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5
Q

5 STEPS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

CHEMOTAXIS
ADERENCE
INGESTION
DIGESTION
KILLING

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6
Q

CHEMOTAXIS

A

chemicals from damaged cells, tissue macrophages, and microbes attract phagocytes to the affected area

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7
Q

ADHERENCE

A

phagocytes attach to the microbe, which may be enhanced by complement proteins

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8
Q

INGESTION

A

extensions of the plasma membrane of the phagocyte engulf the microbe, meet and fuse into a sac known as a phagosome

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9
Q

DIGESTION

A

the phagosome merges with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome

enzymes and oxidants break down the microbe

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10
Q

KILLING

A

the microbe is destroyed by the actions of the enzymes and oxidants

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11
Q

these kind of cells make up about 5-10% of the lymphocytes in the blood and act non-specifically against our own cells that have been infected or against some tumor

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

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12
Q

NK CELLS bind to

A

body cells that display abnormal plasma membrane proteins

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13
Q

4 characteristics of inflammation

A

redness
pain
heat
swelling

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14
Q

THREE BASIC STAGES OF INFLAMMATION

A
  1. vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
  2. emigration of phagocytes to the affected area and movement into tissue
  3. tissue repair
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15
Q

among the substances that tigger VASODILATION AND INCREASED PERMEABILITY are:

A

histamine
kinin
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
complement

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16
Q

As blood flows into the affected area due to vasodilation, the accumulation of RBC’s leads to _____ of the area

A

REDNESS

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17
Q

_____ carried by the blood makes the area warmer, which may make some defensive chemical reactions proceed more quickly and produce even more ____

A

HEAT

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18
Q

______ is triggered by damage to neurons, pressure on nociceptors due to fluid accumulation in tissues (edema), and chemicals such as kinins, prostaglandins, or toxins released from microbes

A

PAIN

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19
Q

_____ is due to the movement of formed elements and plasma proteins from the blood into tissues and subsequent movement of water via osmosis

A

SWELLING

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20
Q

where in the body would the temperature be “set” to a higher level?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS - the thermostat of the body

21
Q

substances that are recognized as foreign and provoke immune responses are known as _____, which means that they provoke the body to produce ______

A

ANTIGENS;

antibodies

22
Q

adaptive responses include

A

SPECIFICITY

MEMORY

B AND T CELL involvement

23
Q

antigens that get past innate defenses like the skin tend to encounter lymphocytes in one of three places:

A

SPLEEN -in blood

LYMPH NODES - enter tissues or lymphatic vessels

MALT - if they penetrate mucous membranes

24
Q

located on your cells are ____ _____ that identify your cells as self

A

SELF-ANTIGENS

25
Q

AUTOIMMUNE

A

tolerance of our cells may break down and our immune defenses may attack healthy cells

26
Q

both B and T lymphocytes assume ___ ____ when they encounter the antigen to which they are specifically designed

A

ACTIVE FORMS

27
Q

ACTIVE FORM OF B CELLS

A

PLASMA CELLS

28
Q

PLASMA CELLS

A

PRODUCE ANTIBODIES which then act on pathogens

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

29
Q

TWO ACTIVE FORMS OF T CELLS

A

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

HELPER T CELLS

30
Q

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

A

produce chemicals that directly attack invading antigens

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

  • capable of destroying specific antigens by using destructive enzymes (like NK cells, but specific)
31
Q

HELPER T CELLS

A

utilize chemicals that assist both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses

*use chemicals to assist many other defense mechanisms

32
Q

once _____ _____ occurs, thousands of lymphocytes can recognize the antigen on subsequent exposures

A

CLONAL SELECATION

33
Q

ANTIBODIES DO NOT DESTROY FOREIGN ANTIGENS, but

A

disable antigens by various mechanisms

34
Q

antibodies disable antigens by various mechanisms including:

A

neutralization

agglutination or precipitation

activating complement-antibody-antigen

enhanced phagocytosis

35
Q

Neutralizing antigens

A

they NEUTRALIZE some bacterial antigens or prevent some viruses from attaching to body cells

36
Q

AGGLUTINATION OR PRECIPITATION of antigens

A

antibodies may “clump” antigens to each other

37
Q

-ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN

A

completes may trigger complement defenses

38
Q

ENHANCED PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

attraction of phagocytes by various means

39
Q

MEMORY CELLS

A

remember the antigen and may trigger immune responses very quickly on subsequent exposures to the same antigen

40
Q

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED DEFENSES are especially effective against

A

EXTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS - bacteria, viruses, or fungi in body fluids outside of body cells

41
Q

CELL-MEDIATED DEFENSES tend to be more effective against

A

PATHOGENS INSIDE OUR BODY CELLS, some cancer cells, and translated foreign tissues

42
Q

many antigens trigger both

A

antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses

43
Q

INNATE IMMUNITY may be determined by several different mechanisms:

A

SPECIES
ANCESTRAL
INDIVIDUAL

44
Q

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY may be due to

A

exposure to a pathogen or an antibody

45
Q

4 WAYS TO ACQUIRE IMMUNITY

A

naturally acquired active
naturally acquired passive
artificially acquired active
artificially acquired acpassive

46
Q

NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE

A

encounter the pathogen by natural means

47
Q

NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE

A

“Borrow” antibodies, manually (breast milk, across the placenta

48
Q

ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE

A

receive an injection or other introduction of pathogens

49
Q

ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE

A

receive an injection of antibodies

A&P II (13 decks)

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