Blood Flashcards
General function of blood
serves as a TRANSPORT MEDIUM to allow the cardiovascular system to move substances from one part of the body to another
Substances transported by the blood
gases
nutrients
waste
hormones
blood cells
heat
other than transport, blood does the following:
maintain homeostasis of all body fluids
WBC’s have a role in DEFENSE
PREVENT FLUID LOSS with its ability to clot
Approximate blood volume in humans
4-5 LITERS IN ADULT FEMALES
5-6 LITERS IN ADULT MALES
TWO MAJOR COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
PLASMA
FORMED ELEMENTS
PLASMA makes up ___% OF BLOOD VOLUME while FORMED ELEMENTS MAKE UP ___% of blood volume
PLASMA makes up 55% OF BLOOD VOLUME while FORMED ELEMENTS MAKE UP 45% of blood volume
plasma
watery fluid with dissolved substances (solutes) in it
formed elements
cells and cell fragments
make up of plasma volume
Water = 91.5%
Dissolved particles (solutes) = 8.5%
the most numerous solute in blood plasma are
plasma proteins (7% of total volume)
Functions of plasma proteins
contribute to osmotic pressure of the blood
transporting substances (hormones, lipids)
defending against microbes
roles in blood clotting
Plasma proteins make up the majority of solutes in blood plasma, the remaining 1.5% of solutes include
electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, gases, enzymes, and hormones
these 3 formed elements make up 45% of blood volume
RBC’s (erythrocytes)
WBC’s (leukocytes)
Platelets
RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES, RBC)
transport gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs and cells of the body
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES, WBC)
protect the body from invading microbes and harmful substances
5 types of WBC’s
neutorphils
basophils
eosinophils
monocytes
lymphocytes
PLATELETS
cell fragments (no nucleus) from large cells bound in the red bone marrow (known as megakaryocytes)
role of platelets
roles in blood clotting
Hemopoiesis
refers to the process of DEVELOPING FORMED ELEMENTS of the blood
RED BONE MARROW is the PRIMARY SITE for
hemopoiesis from late fetal development throughout life
in ADULTS red bone marrow is primarily found in
the spongy layer of many flat bones such as the Ilium
MYELOID STEM CELLS
begin to develop in the red bone marrow and give rise to RBC’s, platelets, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
LYMPHOID STEM CELLS
begin to develop in the red marrow but then migrate to and complete development in lymphatic tissues such as the thymus
several different HORMONES known as hemopoietic growth factors regulate the differentiation and proliferation of formed elements such as:
ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) from the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
what is the MOST NUMEROUS FOMRED ELEMENTS making up about 99% of them
RBC’s/erythrocytes
RBC lack___ and are FILLED WITH
nuclei
HEMOGLOBIN - binds with gases
HEMATOCRIT
the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC’s
a drop in the number of RBC’s and hematocrit would lead to
ANEMIA - a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen
RBC’s plasma membrane is
FLEXIBLE - allowing them to flex as they pass through small blood vessels
the cytosol of RBC’s contains numerous…., which contain…
HEMOGLOBIN molecules;
IRON and bind to gases such as oxygen
iron binds readily to
oxygen
hemoglobin also binds to and carries_____ _____, such as ____ ____
OTHER GASES
CARBON DIOXIDE
about what percent of CO2 is carried bound to hemoglobin
23% of carbon dioxide is carried bound to hemoglobin
hemoglobin may bind to other gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), at the expense of
oxygen
RBC’s live about _____ days, and then are…
120 days;
REMOVED from circulation by cells known as macrophages in the LIVER AND SPLEEN
BILIRUBIN may be used to
CREATE BILE
BILIRUBIN MAY ALSO BE EXCRETED from the body in…. or….
urine or feces
WBC’s are involved in the
DEFENSE mechanisms of the body
WBC’s do not contain hemoglobin but do HAVE
NUCLEI and other organelles
WBC’s LIFESPAN
IS USUALLY SHORT - minutes, hours, or days
during situations such as INFECTION, the number of WBC’s…
INCREASES
what are the MOST NUMEROUS TYPE OF WBC?
NEUTROPHILS
NEUTROPHILS act as
WANDERING PHAGOCYTES in the blood and migrate to areas of microbial invasion or tissue damage
EOSINOPHILS
have granules in their cytoplasm which are stained by acidic dyes, like eosin
roles in combating the effects of histamine in ALLERGIC REACTIONS or defense against some PARASITES
BASOPHILS
granular leukocytes that respond to basic (alkaline) dyes.
roles in intensifying inflammatory responses during ALLERGIC (hypersensitivity) REACTIONS
two types of granular leukocytes
monocytes
lymphocytes
MONOCYTES
have large, horseshoe-shaped nuclei
travel the blood and then ENTER TISSUES where they DIFFERENTIATE INTO MACROPHAGES
LYMPHOCYTES
and types of lymphocytes
have round or slightly indented nuclei
types:
B cells/ B lymphocytes
T cells/ T lymphocytes
Natural Killer (NK) cells
B cells/B lymphocytes
secrete antibodies
T cell/T lymphocytes
defend against virus-infected or cancer cells
natural killer (NK) cells
destroy microbes or body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins
PHAGOCYTOSIS
the PHAGOCYTE ENGULFS THE MICROBE forming a vesicle known as a phagosome
enzymes from the lysosome…
“LYSE” or break open and destroy the microbe
Platelets LACK NUCLEI BUT have
vesicles containing various chemicals such as clotting factors, ADP, ATP, calcium, and serotonin
LIFESPAN OF PLATELETS
5-9 DAYS
a step in HEMOSTASIS that platelets play
forming platelet plugs
HEMOSTASIS
refers to the STOPPAGE OF BLEEDING from a damaged blood vessel
3 STEPS OF HEMOSTASIS
- Vascular spasm
- Platelet plug formation
- blood clotting (coagulation)
when arteries or arterioles are damaged, the…
SMOOTH MUSCLE IN THEIR WALLS CONTRACTS (vasoconstriction), which reduces blood loss
when platelets encounter damaged endothelium, they become “sticky” and adhere to the damaged vessel. This is referred to as
PLATELET ADHESION
arriving platelets stick to the platelets that are already adhered, this is referred to as
PLATELET AGGREGATION
eventually, a mass known as a PLATELET PLUG forms that can effectively
seal damaged vessels, especially small vessels
FIBRINOGEN
an inactive plasma protein circulating in the blood
when fibrinogen is activated, it forms a network of insoluble protein fibers called
FIBRIN that traps other elements of the blood, forming a clot
CLOTTING (coagulation) is a
very effective way to seal damaged vessels and prevent blood loss
what does the FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM do
DISSOLVES CLOTS once repair has been effected and dissolves small clots that form in blood vessels
one mechanism in the fibrinolytic system involves an inactive plasma protein called PLASMINOGEN being activated into
PLASMIN, which dissolves clots
substances in the blood known as _____ suppress, delay, or prevent clots
ANTICOAGULANTS
THROMBUS
a clot in an unbroken vessel
EMBOLUS
a free-floating clot, debris, or gas bubble in the blood
cells have markers on their surfaces known as
ANTIGENS
antigens on RBC’s are known as
AGGLUTINOGENS
TYPE A BLOOD
has A antigens on their RBC’s
anti-B antibodies in their plasma
cannot receive from someone with B antigens (type B or AB)
TYPE B BLOOD
has B antigens on their RBC’s
anti-A antibodies in their plasma
cannot receive from someone with A antigens (type A or AB)
TYPE AB
has both A and B antigens on their RBC’s
neither antibodies
can receive blood from any time - universal recipients
TYPE O
has neither antigens
both A and B antibodies
can only receive type O blood
universal donor
the Rh blood group is based on the presence of the
RH ANTIGEN on RBC’s
If you have antigen = Rh+
if you don’t = Rh-
