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Blood Flashcards

1
Q

General function of blood

A

serves as a TRANSPORT MEDIUM to allow the cardiovascular system to move substances from one part of the body to another

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2
Q

Substances transported by the blood

A

gases
nutrients
waste
hormones
blood cells
heat

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3
Q

other than transport, blood does the following:

A

maintain homeostasis of all body fluids

WBC’s have a role in DEFENSE

PREVENT FLUID LOSS with its ability to clot

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4
Q

Approximate blood volume in humans

A

4-5 LITERS IN ADULT FEMALES

5-6 LITERS IN ADULT MALES

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5
Q

TWO MAJOR COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

A

PLASMA

FORMED ELEMENTS

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6
Q

PLASMA makes up ___% OF BLOOD VOLUME while FORMED ELEMENTS MAKE UP ___% of blood volume

A

PLASMA makes up 55% OF BLOOD VOLUME while FORMED ELEMENTS MAKE UP 45% of blood volume

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7
Q

plasma

A

watery fluid with dissolved substances (solutes) in it

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8
Q

formed elements

A

cells and cell fragments

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9
Q

make up of plasma volume

A

Water = 91.5%

Dissolved particles (solutes) = 8.5%

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10
Q

the most numerous solute in blood plasma are

A

plasma proteins (7% of total volume)

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11
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

A

contribute to osmotic pressure of the blood

transporting substances (hormones, lipids)

defending against microbes

roles in blood clotting

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12
Q

Plasma proteins make up the majority of solutes in blood plasma, the remaining 1.5% of solutes include

A

electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, gases, enzymes, and hormones

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13
Q

these 3 formed elements make up 45% of blood volume

A

RBC’s (erythrocytes)

WBC’s (leukocytes)

Platelets

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14
Q

RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES, RBC)

A

transport gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs and cells of the body

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15
Q

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES, WBC)

A

protect the body from invading microbes and harmful substances

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16
Q

5 types of WBC’s

A

neutorphils
basophils
eosinophils
monocytes
lymphocytes

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17
Q

PLATELETS

A

cell fragments (no nucleus) from large cells bound in the red bone marrow (known as megakaryocytes)

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18
Q

role of platelets

A

roles in blood clotting

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19
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

refers to the process of DEVELOPING FORMED ELEMENTS of the blood

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20
Q

RED BONE MARROW is the PRIMARY SITE for

A

hemopoiesis from late fetal development throughout life

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21
Q

in ADULTS red bone marrow is primarily found in

A

the spongy layer of many flat bones such as the Ilium

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22
Q

MYELOID STEM CELLS

A

begin to develop in the red bone marrow and give rise to RBC’s, platelets, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

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23
Q

LYMPHOID STEM CELLS

A

begin to develop in the red marrow but then migrate to and complete development in lymphatic tissues such as the thymus

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24
Q

several different HORMONES known as hemopoietic growth factors regulate the differentiation and proliferation of formed elements such as:

A

ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) from the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production

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25
what is the MOST NUMEROUS FOMRED ELEMENTS making up about 99% of them
RBC's/erythrocytes
26
RBC lack___ and are FILLED WITH
nuclei HEMOGLOBIN - binds with gases
27
HEMATOCRIT
the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC's
28
a drop in the number of RBC's and hematocrit would lead to
ANEMIA - a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen
29
RBC's plasma membrane is
FLEXIBLE - allowing them to flex as they pass through small blood vessels
30
the cytosol of RBC's contains numerous...., which contain...
HEMOGLOBIN molecules; IRON and bind to gases such as oxygen
31
iron binds readily to
oxygen
32
hemoglobin also binds to and carries_____ _____, such as ____ ____
OTHER GASES CARBON DIOXIDE
33
about what percent of CO2 is carried bound to hemoglobin
23% of carbon dioxide is carried bound to hemoglobin
34
hemoglobin may bind to other gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), at the expense of
oxygen
35
RBC's live about _____ days, and then are...
120 days; REMOVED from circulation by cells known as macrophages in the LIVER AND SPLEEN
36
BILIRUBIN may be used to
CREATE BILE
37
BILIRUBIN MAY ALSO BE EXCRETED from the body in.... or....
urine or feces
38
WBC's are involved in the
DEFENSE mechanisms of the body
39
WBC's do not contain hemoglobin but do HAVE
NUCLEI and other organelles
40
WBC's LIFESPAN
IS USUALLY SHORT - minutes, hours, or days
41
during situations such as INFECTION, the number of WBC's...
INCREASES
42
what are the MOST NUMEROUS TYPE OF WBC?
NEUTROPHILS
43
NEUTROPHILS act as
WANDERING PHAGOCYTES in the blood and migrate to areas of microbial invasion or tissue damage
44
EOSINOPHILS
have granules in their cytoplasm which are stained by acidic dyes, like eosin roles in combating the effects of histamine in ALLERGIC REACTIONS or defense against some PARASITES
45
BASOPHILS
granular leukocytes that respond to basic (alkaline) dyes. roles in intensifying inflammatory responses during ALLERGIC (hypersensitivity) REACTIONS
46
two types of granular leukocytes
monocytes lymphocytes
47
MONOCYTES
have large, horseshoe-shaped nuclei travel the blood and then ENTER TISSUES where they DIFFERENTIATE INTO MACROPHAGES
48
LYMPHOCYTES and types of lymphocytes
have round or slightly indented nuclei types: B cells/ B lymphocytes T cells/ T lymphocytes Natural Killer (NK) cells
49
B cells/B lymphocytes
secrete antibodies
50
T cell/T lymphocytes
defend against virus-infected or cancer cells
51
natural killer (NK) cells
destroy microbes or body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins
52
PHAGOCYTOSIS
the PHAGOCYTE ENGULFS THE MICROBE forming a vesicle known as a phagosome
53
enzymes from the lysosome...
"LYSE" or break open and destroy the microbe
54
Platelets LACK NUCLEI BUT have
vesicles containing various chemicals such as clotting factors, ADP, ATP, calcium, and serotonin
55
LIFESPAN OF PLATELETS
5-9 DAYS
56
a step in HEMOSTASIS that platelets play
forming platelet plugs
57
HEMOSTASIS
refers to the STOPPAGE OF BLEEDING from a damaged blood vessel
58
3 STEPS OF HEMOSTASIS
1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. blood clotting (coagulation)
59
when arteries or arterioles are damaged, the...
SMOOTH MUSCLE IN THEIR WALLS CONTRACTS (vasoconstriction), which reduces blood loss
60
when platelets encounter damaged endothelium, they become "sticky" and adhere to the damaged vessel. This is referred to as
PLATELET ADHESION
61
arriving platelets stick to the platelets that are already adhered, this is referred to as
PLATELET AGGREGATION
62
eventually, a mass known as a PLATELET PLUG forms that can effectively
seal damaged vessels, especially small vessels
63
FIBRINOGEN
an inactive plasma protein circulating in the blood
64
when fibrinogen is activated, it forms a network of insoluble protein fibers called
FIBRIN that traps other elements of the blood, forming a clot
65
CLOTTING (coagulation) is a
very effective way to seal damaged vessels and prevent blood loss
66
what does the FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM do
DISSOLVES CLOTS once repair has been effected and dissolves small clots that form in blood vessels
67
one mechanism in the fibrinolytic system involves an inactive plasma protein called PLASMINOGEN being activated into
PLASMIN, which dissolves clots
68
substances in the blood known as _____ suppress, delay, or prevent clots
ANTICOAGULANTS
69
THROMBUS
a clot in an unbroken vessel
70
EMBOLUS
a free-floating clot, debris, or gas bubble in the blood
71
cells have markers on their surfaces known as
ANTIGENS
72
antigens on RBC's are known as
AGGLUTINOGENS
73
TYPE A BLOOD
has A antigens on their RBC's anti-B antibodies in their plasma cannot receive from someone with B antigens (type B or AB)
74
TYPE B BLOOD
has B antigens on their RBC's anti-A antibodies in their plasma cannot receive from someone with A antigens (type A or AB)
75
TYPE AB
has both A and B antigens on their RBC's neither antibodies can receive blood from any time - universal recipients
76
TYPE O
has neither antigens both A and B antibodies can only receive type O blood universal donor
77
the Rh blood group is based on the presence of the
RH ANTIGEN on RBC's If you have antigen = Rh+ if you don't = Rh-

A&P II (18 decks)

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