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A&P II > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

General function of blood

A

serves as a TRANSPORT MEDIUM to allow the cardiovascular system to move substances from one part of the body to another

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2
Q

Substances transported by the blood

A

gases
nutrients
waste
hormones
blood cells
heat

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3
Q

other than transport, blood does the following:

A

maintain homeostasis of all body fluids

WBC’s have a role in DEFENSE

PREVENT FLUID LOSS with its ability to clot

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4
Q

Approximate blood volume in humans

A

4-5 LITERS IN ADULT FEMALES

5-6 LITERS IN ADULT MALES

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5
Q

TWO MAJOR COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

A

PLASMA

FORMED ELEMENTS

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6
Q

PLASMA makes up ___% OF BLOOD VOLUME while FORMED ELEMENTS MAKE UP ___% of blood volume

A

PLASMA makes up 55% OF BLOOD VOLUME while FORMED ELEMENTS MAKE UP 45% of blood volume

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7
Q

plasma

A

watery fluid with dissolved substances (solutes) in it

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8
Q

formed elements

A

cells and cell fragments

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9
Q

make up of plasma volume

A

Water = 91.5%

Dissolved particles (solutes) = 8.5%

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10
Q

the most numerous solute in blood plasma are

A

plasma proteins (7% of total volume)

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11
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

A

contribute to osmotic pressure of the blood

transporting substances (hormones, lipids)

defending against microbes

roles in blood clotting

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12
Q

Plasma proteins make up the majority of solutes in blood plasma, the remaining 1.5% of solutes include

A

electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, gases, enzymes, and hormones

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13
Q

these 3 formed elements make up 45% of blood volume

A

RBC’s (erythrocytes)

WBC’s (leukocytes)

Platelets

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14
Q

RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES, RBC)

A

transport gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs and cells of the body

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15
Q

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES, WBC)

A

protect the body from invading microbes and harmful substances

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16
Q

5 types of WBC’s

A

neutorphils
basophils
eosinophils
monocytes
lymphocytes

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17
Q

PLATELETS

A

cell fragments (no nucleus) from large cells bound in the red bone marrow (known as megakaryocytes)

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18
Q

role of platelets

A

roles in blood clotting

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19
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

refers to the process of DEVELOPING FORMED ELEMENTS of the blood

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20
Q

RED BONE MARROW is the PRIMARY SITE for

A

hemopoiesis from late fetal development throughout life

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21
Q

in ADULTS red bone marrow is primarily found in

A

the spongy layer of many flat bones such as the Ilium

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22
Q

MYELOID STEM CELLS

A

begin to develop in the red bone marrow and give rise to RBC’s, platelets, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

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23
Q

LYMPHOID STEM CELLS

A

begin to develop in the red marrow but then migrate to and complete development in lymphatic tissues such as the thymus

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24
Q

several different HORMONES known as hemopoietic growth factors regulate the differentiation and proliferation of formed elements such as:

A

ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) from the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production

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25
Q

what is the MOST NUMEROUS FOMRED ELEMENTS making up about 99% of them

A

RBC’s/erythrocytes

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26
Q

RBC lack___ and are FILLED WITH

A

nuclei

HEMOGLOBIN - binds with gases

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27
Q

HEMATOCRIT

A

the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC’s

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28
Q

a drop in the number of RBC’s and hematocrit would lead to

A

ANEMIA - a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen

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29
Q

RBC’s plasma membrane is

A

FLEXIBLE - allowing them to flex as they pass through small blood vessels

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30
Q

the cytosol of RBC’s contains numerous…., which contain…

A

HEMOGLOBIN molecules;

IRON and bind to gases such as oxygen

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31
Q

iron binds readily to

A

oxygen

32
Q

hemoglobin also binds to and carries_____ _____, such as ____ ____

A

OTHER GASES

CARBON DIOXIDE

33
Q

about what percent of CO2 is carried bound to hemoglobin

A

23% of carbon dioxide is carried bound to hemoglobin

34
Q

hemoglobin may bind to other gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), at the expense of

A

oxygen

35
Q

RBC’s live about _____ days, and then are…

A

120 days;

REMOVED from circulation by cells known as macrophages in the LIVER AND SPLEEN

36
Q

BILIRUBIN may be used to

A

CREATE BILE

37
Q

BILIRUBIN MAY ALSO BE EXCRETED from the body in…. or….

A

urine or feces

38
Q

WBC’s are involved in the

A

DEFENSE mechanisms of the body

39
Q

WBC’s do not contain hemoglobin but do HAVE

A

NUCLEI and other organelles

40
Q

WBC’s LIFESPAN

A

IS USUALLY SHORT - minutes, hours, or days

41
Q

during situations such as INFECTION, the number of WBC’s…

A

INCREASES

42
Q

what are the MOST NUMEROUS TYPE OF WBC?

A

NEUTROPHILS

43
Q

NEUTROPHILS act as

A

WANDERING PHAGOCYTES in the blood and migrate to areas of microbial invasion or tissue damage

44
Q

EOSINOPHILS

A

have granules in their cytoplasm which are stained by acidic dyes, like eosin

roles in combating the effects of histamine in ALLERGIC REACTIONS or defense against some PARASITES

45
Q

BASOPHILS

A

granular leukocytes that respond to basic (alkaline) dyes.

roles in intensifying inflammatory responses during ALLERGIC (hypersensitivity) REACTIONS

46
Q

two types of granular leukocytes

A

monocytes
lymphocytes

47
Q

MONOCYTES

A

have large, horseshoe-shaped nuclei

travel the blood and then ENTER TISSUES where they DIFFERENTIATE INTO MACROPHAGES

48
Q

LYMPHOCYTES

and types of lymphocytes

A

have round or slightly indented nuclei

types:
B cells/ B lymphocytes
T cells/ T lymphocytes
Natural Killer (NK) cells

49
Q

B cells/B lymphocytes

A

secrete antibodies

50
Q

T cell/T lymphocytes

A

defend against virus-infected or cancer cells

51
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A

destroy microbes or body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins

52
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

the PHAGOCYTE ENGULFS THE MICROBE forming a vesicle known as a phagosome

53
Q

enzymes from the lysosome…

A

“LYSE” or break open and destroy the microbe

54
Q

Platelets LACK NUCLEI BUT have

A

vesicles containing various chemicals such as clotting factors, ADP, ATP, calcium, and serotonin

55
Q

LIFESPAN OF PLATELETS

A

5-9 DAYS

56
Q

a step in HEMOSTASIS that platelets play

A

forming platelet plugs

57
Q

HEMOSTASIS

A

refers to the STOPPAGE OF BLEEDING from a damaged blood vessel

58
Q

3 STEPS OF HEMOSTASIS

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. blood clotting (coagulation)
59
Q

when arteries or arterioles are damaged, the…

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE IN THEIR WALLS CONTRACTS (vasoconstriction), which reduces blood loss

60
Q

when platelets encounter damaged endothelium, they become “sticky” and adhere to the damaged vessel. This is referred to as

A

PLATELET ADHESION

61
Q

arriving platelets stick to the platelets that are already adhered, this is referred to as

A

PLATELET AGGREGATION

62
Q

eventually, a mass known as a PLATELET PLUG forms that can effectively

A

seal damaged vessels, especially small vessels

63
Q

FIBRINOGEN

A

an inactive plasma protein circulating in the blood

64
Q

when fibrinogen is activated, it forms a network of insoluble protein fibers called

A

FIBRIN that traps other elements of the blood, forming a clot

65
Q

CLOTTING (coagulation) is a

A

very effective way to seal damaged vessels and prevent blood loss

66
Q

what does the FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM do

A

DISSOLVES CLOTS once repair has been effected and dissolves small clots that form in blood vessels

67
Q

one mechanism in the fibrinolytic system involves an inactive plasma protein called PLASMINOGEN being activated into

A

PLASMIN, which dissolves clots

68
Q

substances in the blood known as _____ suppress, delay, or prevent clots

A

ANTICOAGULANTS

69
Q

THROMBUS

A

a clot in an unbroken vessel

70
Q

EMBOLUS

A

a free-floating clot, debris, or gas bubble in the blood

71
Q

cells have markers on their surfaces known as

A

ANTIGENS

72
Q

antigens on RBC’s are known as

A

AGGLUTINOGENS

73
Q

TYPE A BLOOD

A

has A antigens on their RBC’s

anti-B antibodies in their plasma

cannot receive from someone with B antigens (type B or AB)

74
Q

TYPE B BLOOD

A

has B antigens on their RBC’s

anti-A antibodies in their plasma

cannot receive from someone with A antigens (type A or AB)

75
Q

TYPE AB

A

has both A and B antigens on their RBC’s

neither antibodies

can receive blood from any time - universal recipients

76
Q

TYPE O

A

has neither antigens

both A and B antibodies

can only receive type O blood

universal donor

77
Q

the Rh blood group is based on the presence of the

A

RH ANTIGEN on RBC’s

If you have antigen = Rh+
if you don’t = Rh-

A&P II (18 decks)

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