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A&P II > The Cardiovascular System - Week 3 > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System - Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Major components of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. the HEART - which acts as a pump
  2. BLOOD VESSELS (vasculature) - which acts as routes or pathways for blood
  3. BLOOD - which serves as a transport medium
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2
Q

Principle FUNCTIONS of the CARDIOVASCULAR system:

A
  1. TRANSPORT substances such as blood cells, gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, heat, and others from one part of the body to another
  2. DEFENSE - WBC’s and other components of the blood participate in defensive and immune reactions against foreign invaders or damaged/infected cells
  3. PREVENT FLUID LOSS from body with the ability of blood to clot
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3
Q

Endocrine function of the heart

A

synthesis of ANP (decreases BP)

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4
Q

What are the TWO CIRCUITS of circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic circulation

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5
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

involves the flow of blood between the heart and lungs

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6
Q

Systemic circulation

A

refers to the flow of blood between the heart and all other organs of the body

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7
Q

in each circuit, ARTERIES LEAD…..while veins lead….

A

ARTERIES LEAD AWAY FROM THE HEART CHAMBERS WHILE VEINS LEAD BACK TOWARDS THE HEART CHAMBER

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8
Q

where is the heart located

A

in the MEDIASTINUM - the space in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs

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9
Q

Pericardium

A

a sac that surrounds the heart

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10
Q

What fills the cavity between the layers of the pericardium?

A

pericardial fluid

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11
Q

Function of the pericardium

A

ANCHORS the heart to surrounding structures while the FLUID REDUCES FRICTION during heart contraction

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12
Q

the walls of the heart include:

A

the inner ENDOCARDIUM lining the vessels

thick MYOCARDIUM consisting of cardiac muscles.

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13
Q

How many chambers are in the human heart? Upper and lower chambers?

A

4 chambers

upper chambers: Atria
Lower chambers: ventricles

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14
Q

Atria

A

upper chambers that receive blood from veins

Right atrium: from the body (systemic)
Left atrium: from the lungs (pulmonary)

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15
Q

Ventricles

A

lower chambers that pump blood from the heart into arteries

Right Ventricle: to the lungs (pulmonary) - 1/4” thick
Left Ventricle: to the body (systemic) - 3/4” thick

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16
Q

The myocardium of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of the other chambers due to

A

its increased workload

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17
Q

Interatrial septum

A

separates the R and L atria

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18
Q

Interventricular septum

A

separates the two ventricles

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19
Q

Valves

A

prevent backflow

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20
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

tricuspid and mitral

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21
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

between R atrium and R ventricle

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22
Q

Mitral valve

A

between L atrium and L ventricle

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23
Q

Pulmonary and arotic valves

A

aortic valve

pulmonary valve

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24
Q

Aortic valve

A

between L ventricle and aorta

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25
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

between R ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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26
Q

LARGE ARTERIES such as the aorta are

A

quite ELASTIC

the force of ventricles contracting and the blood driven from them causes arteries to stretch

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27
Q

When ventricles relax, the RECOIL ACTION of large arteries such as the aorta continues to…

A

drive blood through the arteries

if it weren’t for the valves, the artery would also drive blood back into the ventricle during ventricular relaxation

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28
Q

name the great blood vessels

A

superior and inferior vena cava

pulmonary trunk

left and right pulmonary veins

aorta

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29
Q

superior and inferior vena cava

A

lead into the R atrium (from systems)

30
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

leads from the R ventricle and branches into L AND R PULMONARY ARTERIES that lead to each lung

31
Q

L and R pulmonary veins

A

lead into the L atrium (from the lungs)

32
Q

Aorta

A

leads from the L ventricle to the body

33
Q

SPECIALIZED HEART MUSCLE CELLS

A

known as autorythmic fibers since they are “self-excitable” – they can INITIATE ACTION POTENTIALS that trigger heart contractions on their own - not in response to nerve impulse

34
Q

THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM is made of specialized muscles cells such as:

A

SA node

AV node

AV bundle (bundle of HIS)

R and L bundle branches

Perkinje fibers

35
Q

SA NODE

A

the hearts natural pacemaker

high capacity for self-excitation

located in the upper posterior part of R atrium

36
Q

AV NODE

A

specialized tissue located between atria and ventricles of the heart

conducts electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles

37
Q

the HIS-Perkinje fibers conduct the electrical signal from the AV node to the ventricles, via the:

A

AV bundle (bundle of HIS)

R and L bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

38
Q

Although the SA node typically sets the pace of a health heart…

A

ANY PART OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM COULD INITIATE A HEART CONTRACTION

39
Q

SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (T1-5) of the heart

A

INCREASES HR AND THE STRENGTH OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

40
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (vagus nerve) of the heart

A

DECREASES HR AND THE STRENGTH OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

41
Q

AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG OR EKG) IS A

A

RECORD OF THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY of the heart

42
Q

EKG’S PROVIDE INFORMATION ON

A

the axis (tilt) of the heart

HR

Heart rhythm

thickness of myocardium

conduction problems

+ more

less info about structural abnormalities such as valve disorders

43
Q

the atria of the heart contract first, ventricles second, creating a

A

two-phased heart contraction

44
Q

the CARDIAC CYCLE

A

the period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next heartbeat.

Relaxation must be complete before a new cycle begins.

45
Q

The cardiac cycle lasts about…

A

0.8 seconds at 70 beats per minute

46
Q

SYSTOLE

A

period of heart (chamber) contraction

47
Q

DIASTOLE

A

the period of heart (chamber) relaxation

48
Q

Atrial systole is followed by

A

ventricular systole

49
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)

A

the total volume of blood pumped (usually by the L vent.) per unit of time (usually per minute)

CO = HR x SV (stroke volume)

50
Q

Cardiac output is primarily controlled by

A

the oxygen requirements of the body

51
Q

The heart is a. ____ _____ that does not regulate its own output

A

DEMAND PUMP

52
Q

Cardiac output can be increased by

A

increasing HR

increasing SV

Increasing both HR and SV (within limits)

53
Q

Heart rate (HR)

A

measured by the number of heart contraction per minute

54
Q

normal resting HR changes with

A

age

55
Q

Bradycardia

A

<60 bpm

56
Q

Tachycardia

A

> 100 bpm

57
Q

Maximum heart rate (MHR)

A

the highest heart rate an individual can achieve without severe problems

58
Q

maximal heart rate (MHR) equation

A

MHR = 220 - age

59
Q

STROKE VOLUME (SV)

A

THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD EJECTED BY THE L VENTRICLE IN ONE CONTRACTION (PER STROKE)

60
Q

END DIASTOLIC VOLUME (EDV)

A

volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (after filling)

normal adult = 120mL

61
Q

END SYSTOLIC VOLUME (ESV)

A

volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of systole (after contraction)

moral adult = 50 mL

62
Q

Resting HR in endurance athletes may be well below average, why?

A

increased EDV and SV

high stroke volume means there is a lot of blood moving in each stroke that it doesn’t have to beat as often

63
Q

CARDIAC RESERVE

A

the % increase in CO that can be achieved during maximal exercise

64
Q

EJECTION FRACTION (EF)

Definition + formula

A

the fraction (%) of blood pumped out of a filled ventricle during systole

EF = SV/EDV

65
Q

CORONARY ARTERIES SUPPLY OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS TO

A

THE CAPILLARY BEDS OF THE HEART MUSCLE

66
Q

coronary arteries branch off the aorta just beyond the aortic valve and has

A

2 main coronary arteries

67
Q

what is the #1 cause of death in the United States?

A

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)

68
Q

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

A

the buildup of plaque in the artery walls, which narrows the lumen or inside of the vessel through which blood would flow

69
Q

MYOCARIDAL ISCHEMIA

A

refers to a lack of blood flow to the heart muscle

70
Q

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

A

refers to the death of heart muscle, commonly called a “heart attack”

71
Q

CARDIAC VEINS “DRAIN” THE…

A

CAPILLARIES OF THE MYOCARDIUM OF CO2 AND WASTES

A&P II (13 decks)

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