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A&P II > The Cardiovascular System - Week 3 > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System - Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Major components of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. the HEART - which acts as a pump
  2. BLOOD VESSELS (vasculature) - which acts as routes or pathways for blood
  3. BLOOD - which serves as a transport medium
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2
Q

Principle FUNCTIONS of the CARDIOVASCULAR system:

A
  1. TRANSPORT substances such as blood cells, gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, heat, and others from one part of the body to another
  2. DEFENSE - WBC’s and other components of the blood participate in defensive and immune reactions against foreign invaders or damaged/infected cells
  3. PREVENT FLUID LOSS from body with the ability of blood to clot
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3
Q

Endocrine function of the heart

A

synthesis of ANP (decreases BP)

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4
Q

What are the TWO CIRCUITS of circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic circulation

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5
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

involves the flow of blood between the heart and lungs

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6
Q

Systemic circulation

A

refers to the flow of blood between the heart and all other organs of the body

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7
Q

in each circuit, ARTERIES LEAD…..while veins lead….

A

ARTERIES LEAD AWAY FROM THE HEART CHAMBERS WHILE VEINS LEAD BACK TOWARDS THE HEART CHAMBER

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8
Q

where is the heart located

A

in the MEDIASTINUM - the space in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs

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9
Q

Pericardium

A

a sac that surrounds the heart

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10
Q

What fills the cavity between the layers of the pericardium?

A

pericardial fluid

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11
Q

Function of the pericardium

A

ANCHORS the heart to surrounding structures while the FLUID REDUCES FRICTION during heart contraction

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12
Q

the walls of the heart include:

A

the inner ENDOCARDIUM lining the vessels

thick MYOCARDIUM consisting of cardiac muscles.

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13
Q

How many chambers are in the human heart? Upper and lower chambers?

A

4 chambers

upper chambers: Atria
Lower chambers: ventricles

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14
Q

Atria

A

upper chambers that receive blood from veins

Right atrium: from the body (systemic)
Left atrium: from the lungs (pulmonary)

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15
Q

Ventricles

A

lower chambers that pump blood from the heart into arteries

Right Ventricle: to the lungs (pulmonary) - 1/4” thick
Left Ventricle: to the body (systemic) - 3/4” thick

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16
Q

The myocardium of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of the other chambers due to

A

its increased workload

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17
Q

Interatrial septum

A

separates the R and L atria

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18
Q

Interventricular septum

A

separates the two ventricles

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19
Q

Valves

A

prevent backflow

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20
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

tricuspid and mitral

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21
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

between R atrium and R ventricle

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22
Q

Mitral valve

A

between L atrium and L ventricle

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23
Q

Pulmonary and arotic valves

A

aortic valve

pulmonary valve

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24
Q

Aortic valve

A

between L ventricle and aorta

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25
Pulmonary valve
between R ventricle and pulmonary trunk
26
LARGE ARTERIES such as the aorta are
quite ELASTIC the force of ventricles contracting and the blood driven from them causes arteries to stretch
27
When ventricles relax, the RECOIL ACTION of large arteries such as the aorta continues to...
drive blood through the arteries if it weren't for the valves, the artery would also drive blood back into the ventricle during ventricular relaxation
28
name the great blood vessels
superior and inferior vena cava pulmonary trunk left and right pulmonary veins aorta
29
superior and inferior vena cava
lead into the R atrium (from systems)
30
Pulmonary trunk
leads from the R ventricle and branches into L AND R PULMONARY ARTERIES that lead to each lung
31
L and R pulmonary veins
lead into the L atrium (from the lungs)
32
Aorta
leads from the L ventricle to the body
33
SPECIALIZED HEART MUSCLE CELLS
known as autorythmic fibers since they are "self-excitable" -- they can INITIATE ACTION POTENTIALS that trigger heart contractions on their own - not in response to nerve impulse
34
THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM is made of specialized muscles cells such as:
SA node AV node AV bundle (bundle of HIS) R and L bundle branches Perkinje fibers
35
SA NODE
the hearts natural pacemaker high capacity for self-excitation located in the upper posterior part of R atrium
36
AV NODE
specialized tissue located between atria and ventricles of the heart conducts electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles
37
the HIS-Perkinje fibers conduct the electrical signal from the AV node to the ventricles, via the:
AV bundle (bundle of HIS) R and L bundle branches Purkinje fibers
38
Although the SA node typically sets the pace of a health heart...
ANY PART OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM COULD INITIATE A HEART CONTRACTION
39
SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (T1-5) of the heart
INCREASES HR AND THE STRENGTH OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
40
PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (vagus nerve) of the heart
DECREASES HR AND THE STRENGTH OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
41
AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG OR EKG) IS A
RECORD OF THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY of the heart
42
EKG'S PROVIDE INFORMATION ON
the axis (tilt) of the heart HR Heart rhythm thickness of myocardium conduction problems + more less info about structural abnormalities such as valve disorders
43
the atria of the heart contract first, ventricles second, creating a
two-phased heart contraction
44
the CARDIAC CYCLE
the period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next heartbeat. Relaxation must be complete before a new cycle begins.
45
The cardiac cycle lasts about...
0.8 seconds at 70 beats per minute
46
SYSTOLE
period of heart (chamber) contraction
47
DIASTOLE
the period of heart (chamber) relaxation
48
Atrial systole is followed by
ventricular systole
49
CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
the total volume of blood pumped (usually by the L vent.) per unit of time (usually per minute) CO = HR x SV (stroke volume)
50
Cardiac output is primarily controlled by
the oxygen requirements of the body
51
The heart is a. ____ _____ that does not regulate its own output
DEMAND PUMP
52
Cardiac output can be increased by
increasing HR increasing SV Increasing both HR and SV (within limits)
53
Heart rate (HR)
measured by the number of heart contraction per minute
54
normal resting HR changes with
age
55
Bradycardia
<60 bpm
56
Tachycardia
>100 bpm
57
Maximum heart rate (MHR)
the highest heart rate an individual can achieve without severe problems
58
maximal heart rate (MHR) equation
MHR = 220 - age
59
STROKE VOLUME (SV)
THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD EJECTED BY THE L VENTRICLE IN ONE CONTRACTION (PER STROKE)
60
END DIASTOLIC VOLUME (EDV)
volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (after filling) normal adult = 120mL
61
END SYSTOLIC VOLUME (ESV)
volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of systole (after contraction) moral adult = 50 mL
62
Resting HR in endurance athletes may be well below average, why?
increased EDV and SV high stroke volume means there is a lot of blood moving in each stroke that it doesn't have to beat as often
63
CARDIAC RESERVE
the % increase in CO that can be achieved during maximal exercise
64
EJECTION FRACTION (EF) Definition + formula
the fraction (%) of blood pumped out of a filled ventricle during systole EF = SV/EDV
65
CORONARY ARTERIES SUPPLY OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS TO
THE CAPILLARY BEDS OF THE HEART MUSCLE
66
coronary arteries branch off the aorta just beyond the aortic valve and has
2 main coronary arteries
67
what is the #1 cause of death in the United States?
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
68
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
the buildup of plaque in the artery walls, which narrows the lumen or inside of the vessel through which blood would flow
69
MYOCARIDAL ISCHEMIA
refers to a lack of blood flow to the heart muscle
70
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
refers to the death of heart muscle, commonly called a "heart attack"
71
CARDIAC VEINS "DRAIN" THE...
CAPILLARIES OF THE MYOCARDIUM OF CO2 AND WASTES

A&P II (18 decks)

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