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RAD414 pt 2 > urinary system > Flashcards

urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the hilum

A

part of organ where the vessels and nerves enter or leave

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2
Q

where do the kidneys sit in relation to the transpyloric plane

A
  • the hilum of the left kidney is 5cm lateral to the spinous process just above the level of the transpyloric plane
  • the hilum of the right kidney is 5cm lateral to the spinous process just below the level of the transpyloric plane
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3
Q

why does the hillum of the right kidney sit just interior to the level of the transpyloric plane

A

the large liver moves the right sided organs down a bit

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4
Q

what vertebral level does the transpyloric and supracristal plane discect the vertebrae at

A

transpyloric = T12/L1

supracristal = L3/4

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5
Q

describe the location of perinephric and paranephric fat in relation to the kidney

A

perinephric fat = fat that sits within the renal fascia

paranephric fat = fat that sits outside the renal fascia around then kidney

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6
Q

what is nephroptosis and what causes this

A
  • kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up.
  • due to renal fascia not being fused at the inferior side
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7
Q

what are the glands found Sitting on top of the kidneys and what do they do

A
  • suprarenal glands
  • produce hormones that regulate metabolism, bp, response to cortisol (stress) etc
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8
Q

what 4 hormones are made by suprarenal glands and there function

A

aldosterone (salt control in blood and body)

adrenaline

cortisol (Helping control your body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, or your metabolism.)

testosterone

estrogen

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9
Q

find an image of the kidney and label its structure

  • cortex
  • medulla
  • major/minor calyx
  • papilla
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
  • pyramid
  • renal column
  • renal capsule
A
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10
Q

where does the kidney originate/ ascend from

A

pelvis

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11
Q

what is renal ectopia and what is a common pathology because of this

A
  • kidneys fail to ascend resulting in a pelvic kidney
  • as they now have a shorter ureter they are more likely to develop vesicourethral reflux (urine travels wrong way)
  • this can cause UTI or urine incontinece
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12
Q

why are people with pelvic kidneys more prone to blunt trauma

A

they dont have protection of perinephric fat and ribcage

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13
Q

what do you call a kidney that ascends too high

A

thoracic kidney

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14
Q

what is the role of the renal capsule

A

tough, fibrous layer for protection (structural role)

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15
Q

what is the role of the cortex of the kidney

A

contains most of glomeruli where plasma is filtered from blood into filtrate that travels through tubules in nephron to become urine

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16
Q

what is the role of the medulla in kidney

A

has stripped apperance of collecting ducts,

  • regulates concentration of urine
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17
Q

how does the medulla regular urine concentration

A

it has lots of ions so water will leave the collecting ducts via osmosis as it heads towards the minor calicoes through the papillae

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18
Q

where do hormones act in the kidney to increase or decrease amount of water in urine/ also used as site for drug tests

A

collecting ducts

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19
Q

note the minor calyx drains into the major calyx then into the renal pelvis

A
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20
Q

how many pyramids (renal tissue that helps with blood filtration and water conc) is found in each medulla

A

10-18

21
Q

why is there a greater chance of stones in a horseshoe kidney

A

due to stasis (slowing or stoppage or normal flow) in abnormal drainage of kidney

22
Q

why does a horseshoe kidney face more anteriorly

A
  • as they fuse underneath the inferior mesenteric artery, so they wrap around it and the ureters face more anteriorly
23
Q

what is persistent fatal lobulation (normal variant)

A

incomplete fusion of the developing metal lobules

(can stimulate renal tumours in ultrasonography)

24
Q

note that it is a normal variant to have only 1 accessory renal artery

A

25% of population has this

25
Q

which direction do the vessels come from in the pelvis and abdomen

A

in abdomen = vessels come medially

in pelvis = vessels come lateral

26
Q

what are done with the ureters during surgery to insure they dont break

A

moved medially in the abdomen or laterally in pelvis (towards the vessels)

27
Q

what is a urinary calculi/ stag horn or struvite stones, what causes it

A
  • solid particles in the urinary system
  • caused by repetitive UTI

( consists of calcium oxalate etc)

28
Q

what causes uric acid stone / gout

A

form when the levels of uric acid in the urine are too high, and/or the urine is too acidic on a regular basi

29
Q

what do kidney stones look like on xray

A

ginger knobs

30
Q

compare the 3 types of kidney stones: struvite, uric acid and cystine

A

struvite = contains mainly calcium/magnesium, caused by UTI infections

uric acid = increased uric acid levels can form urate crystals in urine that end up getting settled in kidney developing stones

cystine = inability to reabsorb cystine (amino acid) and it gets deposited in kidney, this eventually forms cystine stones

31
Q

what are 3 common sites obstruction of renal tract

A
  1. pelvic-ureteric junction
    (renal pelvis/ureter region)
  2. crossing of iliac vessels
  3. vesicle-ureteric junction
    (bladder/ureter region)
32
Q

if the bladder fills, what structure does it push higher

A

peritoneum

33
Q

why should you not place a suprapubic catheter in when the bladder is empty

A

you can end up piercing the bowel

34
Q

why are women more susceptible to UTI’s than males, what can this eventually manifest as

A
  • they have a shorter urethra
  • cystitis, infection of the bladder
35
Q

what do you call the structure where urine exits the urethra in male and females

A

external urethral orifice, is the opening where urine exits the male and female urethra.

36
Q

what is a suprapubic catheter used for

A

hollow flexible tube that is used to drain urine from the bladder through a cut in the abdomen

37
Q

in embryo, the bladder drains through a tube going through the umbilical cord called what

A

urachus

38
Q

note the bladder moves downwards into pelvis, Sits below the pelvic brim when empty, when full arises above pubic bone

A
39
Q

what is a urachal cysts and what pathology can this lead to and how can u treat this

A
  • when the Uranus doesnt fuse properly when umbilical cord is cut
  • prone for infection, sepsis, fistula, cyst rupture
  • excision laparoscopically
40
Q

find a diagram of the urinary bladder and label the structures

A
41
Q

what are stretch receptors

A

signal the length and changes in length of muscle

42
Q

where are stretch receptors found in the bladder and what is this area

A

trigone

  • located along the posterior surface of the bladder and marks the point of opening for the two ureters.
43
Q

what do you call the structure in which the ureter enters in bladder found within the trigone

A

ureteric orifice

44
Q

what are the 3 layers of the bladder

A
  • mucosa (inner most layer with longitudinal folds)
  • detrusor muscle
  • adventitia (outer most layer)
45
Q

what is the uvula of the bladder

A

?

46
Q

what do you call the mucous glands found in the urethra

A

glands of littre

47
Q

what percentage of the population have an accessory renal artery

A

25%

48
Q

learn/understand what structures articulate with the surface of the kidneys, check images in album

A
49
Q
A

RAD414 pt 2 (33 decks)

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