ankle and foot surface anatomy Flashcards
what is the perineal tubercle
a bony projection at the lateral wall of the calcaneus
what is the joint between the tibia, fibula and talus
malleolar mortice joint
what movements happen at the malleolar mortice joint
plantarflexion
and
dorsiflexion
based on the shape of the mortice joint, which position is it most stable in, why
dorsiflexion
- articular surface of talus is wider anteriorly
- it tightens the joint by being squeezed between the tibia and fibula
how can you find the palpation of the peroneal tubercle
- 1-2cm inferior to lateral malleolus
(tendons of fibulas longus and breves pass inferior and superior to this prominence)
what are the 4 ligaments of the ankle (locate them on an image)
- anterior tibiofibular ligament
- posterior talofibular ligament
- anterior talofibular ligament
- calcaneofibular ligament
what is the difference between sprain and strain
sprain = stretch or tear to joint ligaments
strain = damage to muscle or tendons
are ankles more commonly sprained due to excessive inversion or eversion why?
- inversion
- lateral ligaments of the ankle are not strong enough to oppose this movement
- medial collateral (deltoid) ligaments are far stronger and less frequently damaged
what ligament specifically is most likely to be damaged in an inversion injury
anterior talofibular ligament
(calcaneofibular can be affected)
sprains typically result in swelling
what is the usual cause of eversion injuries
lateral ankle blow to planted foot
why is there an avulsion fracture as a result of an eversion injury
- medial deltoid ligament is so strong it can avulse the medial malleolus rather than tear
what are you likely to see on an xray of an inversion and eversion injury of ankle
inversion = fracture of the distal end of the fibula
eversion = avulsion of medial malleoli and fibular fracture
what are the 3 compartments of the ankle
anterior
lateral
posterior (deep and superficial)
what movement is the anterior compartment for
dorsiflexion of ankle
extension of toes
inversion of foot
what movement is the lateral compartment for
eversion of foot
what movement is the posterior compartment for
plantar flex ankle
flexion of toes
inversion of foot
both anterior and posterior compartment of ankle work to invert the foot
as you dorsiflex ankle against resistance, you can see the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus, what does this muscle do
extends toes (long muscle)
what body landmark do the tendons of the calf muscles attach to
base of 5th metacarpal
what is the soleus found in the calf
- park of skeletal muscle pump (its a muscle)
- helps maintain standing posture by pulling body posteriorly to stop it falling forward
what is the role of the gastrocnemius muscles in the calfs
fast actions e.g running and jumping
what are the 3 arches of the foot
- anterior transverse
- lateral longitudinal
- medial longitudinal
what are 3 uses of the arches of the foot
- distribute body weight from talus, back to calcaneus and forwards to sesamoid bones
- allow foot shape to adapt to terrain and walk/jump etc
- acts as electric shock absorber adding spring to step
what is plantar fascia
thick triangular shaped layer of dense tissue that protects delicate nerves, vessels, muscles and tendons of foot from whatever ur standing on
what is plantar fasciitis, where does this mainly happen and why
inflammation and thickening of plantar fascia
- typically occurs at heel and not forefoot as this is where the tendon is narrowest and receives most stress
plantar faciitis can be associated with damage caused by calceneal spurs
or
shortened achilles tendon
what is a base of 5h metatarsal fracture also known as
pseudo-jones fracture
or
dancer fracture
identify what plantar fasciitis looks like on scan
what is a plantar celcaneal spur
bony outgrowth from the heel
