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RAD414 pt 2 > eyes and visual pathway > Flashcards

eyes and visual pathway Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 structures of the external eye

A
  • lacrimal caruncle
  • semilunar fold
  • sclera
  • pupil
  • iris
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2
Q

what 3 structures are part of the palpebral tissue ( area between open eyelids)

A
  • iris
  • sclera
  • pupil
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3
Q

what is the role of eyelahses

A
  • stop particles getting into eye and scratching cornea
  • contain lipid-rich secretion to stop eyelids sticking together, we blink to spread tears over the surface of eye to keep it
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4
Q

why do we have the semilunar fold (when its useless)

A

evolutional remnant from when we has secondary eyelids like lizards

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5
Q

what are the 6 internal structures of the eye (not including iris and pupil)

A
  • tarsal plate (inner side of eyelid)
  • lens
  • cillary body
  • retina
  • choroid
  • sclera
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6
Q

the sclera, choroid and sclera are 3 layers of the body of the eyeball, what are the functions of these

A

sclera - white of eye, fibrous tunic

choroid - vascular

retina - pigmented to capture light info

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7
Q

explain how we see images/ how our eyeball depicts images

A
  • light travels in straight line
  • lens is required to bend the light so it can focus on the retina
  • this explains why image is upside down, due to depth of eyeball
  • info detected by retina and sent along optic nerve
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8
Q

describe how the rays of light differ coming from a distant or nearby object

A
  • nearly parallel rays coming from DISTANT object
  • divergent rays coming from CLOSE object
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9
Q

what are the 7 bones that make up the orbits

A
  • frontal
  • zygomatic
  • lacriminal
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
  • palatine
  • maxilla
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10
Q

what are the 3 apertures/ foramen found in the orbits

A

superior/infeiror orbital fissure
optic canal

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11
Q

find diagram and label all bones of orbits

A
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12
Q

what is the lacrimal apparatus

A

structures that secrete tears and drain them from the surface of the eyeball

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13
Q

what is the lacrimal gland and where is it found

A
  • almond sized and found in the upper outer margin of each orbit
  • primary function of secreting the aqueous portion of the tear

(aprox a dozen small darts lead from each gland and drain into conjunctivae)

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14
Q

what is the lacrimal canal

A

small channels that empty into lacrimal sacs

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15
Q

what is the lacrimal sac

A

located in a groove in lacrimal bone

  • collect tears that drain out of your eyes through your lacrimal puncta
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16
Q

what is the lacrimal puncta

A

the openings that pump tears out of your eyes/ or drain them

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17
Q

what is the nasolacrimal ducts

A
  • small tubes that extend from the lacrimal sac into the inferior meatus of nose

(thats why nose runs when u cry)

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18
Q

find image of lacrimal apparatus and label each structure

A
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19
Q

what are the 6 muscles of the eye

A
  • lateral and medial rectus
  • inferior and superior rectus
  • inferior oblique and superior oblique rectus
20
Q

what movement does the lateral and medial rectus muscle allow fro

A

outward and inward movement (left and right)

21
Q

what movement does the inferior and superior rectus muscle allow for

A

up and down

22
Q

what movement does the inferior/superior oblique rectus muscle allow for

A

inferior oblique = upwards and outwards

superior oblique = downwards and outwards

23
Q

what are the 3 ligaments of the eye

A
  • medial and lateral check lig
  • suspensory lig
24
Q

what maintains the vertical position of the eyeball

A

suspensory ligament

25
Q

what maintains the anteroom-posterior position of the eyeball

A

lateral/medial check ligament, fascial sheath and orbital fat

26
Q

what is the main muscle located in the eyelid and what is its function

A
  • levator palpebrae superioris
  • controls elevation and retraction of eyelids
27
Q

find and label orbital and nearby structures on CT/MRI scan

A
28
Q

what 2 arteries supply the orbit

A
  • ophthalmic artery
  • internal carotid artery
29
Q

define visual field

A

The visual field refers to the total area in which objects can be seen in the side (peripheral) vision as you focus your eyes on a central point.

30
Q

what 2 halves can the retina be split into

A

temporal and nasal retina

31
Q

which sides of the retina are responsible for the left or right visual field

A

nasal retina = left visual field

temporal retina = right visual field

32
Q

what is the optic chasm

A

the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross

33
Q

what is the sella turcica

A

a depression in the sphenoid bone, containing the pituitary gland

34
Q

how does the optic chasm and sella turcica sit relative to each other

A

the optic chiasm is sat above the sella turcica

35
Q

why is vision affected if there is a pituitary tumour

A

the growth of the pituitary tumour within the sella turcica will press against the optic chiasm

36
Q

what is acromegaly

A

abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.

37
Q

what are the optic radiations

A
  • a projection tract that connects the lateral geniculate nucleus to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe.
  • It functions to transmit visual input coming from the retina, the optic nerve, and the optic tract.
38
Q

which lobe of the brain o the inferior optic radiations pass through

A

temporal

39
Q

which lobe of the brain do the superior optic radiations pass through

A

parietal

40
Q

how can lesions in the parietal or temporal lobe lead to affected sight

A
  • they will interrupt the inferior or superior optic radiations, iand affect the transmission of visual input from the retina
41
Q

in which lobe is visual information processed

A

occipital

42
Q

where/how pathway = posterior parietal cortex

what pathway = inferior temporal cortex

A
43
Q

what artery supplies the occipital lobe

A

posterior cerebral artery

44
Q

look through axial stack of visual pathway, screenshotted

A
45
Q
A

RAD414 pt 2 (33 decks)

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