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ANAPHYSIO > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

filters blood, eliminates nitrogenous wastes, and helps maintain the ion concentration of body fluids

A

urinary system

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2
Q

the major excretory organs in the urinary system

A

kidneys

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3
Q

bean shaped organs that lie against the dorsal body wall in a retroperitoneal position (behind the parietal peritoneum) in the superior lumbar region
they extend from the T12 to the L3 vertebra; thus they receive some protection from the lower part of the rib cage

A

kidneys

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4
Q

the kidneys filter blood and produce a large volume of filtrate
large molecules such as proteins, and blood cells remain the blood, whereas smaller molecules and ions enter the filtrate

A

excretion

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5
Q

as the filtrate flows through the kidneys, it is slowly modified until it is converted to ____________

A

urine

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6
Q

the kidneys play a major role in controlling the extracellular fluid volume in the body by producing either a large volume of dilute urine or a small volume of concentrated urine, depending on the hydration level of the body

A

regulation of blood volume and pressure

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7
Q

the kidneys help regulate the concentration of primarily the major ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate
they also regulate other solute concentration such as urea

A

regulation of the concentration of solutes in the blood

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8
Q

the kidneys secrete variable amounts of hydrogen to help regulate the extracellular fluid acidity

A

regulation of extracellular fluid pH

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9
Q

the kidneys secrete the hormone ____________, which stimulates the synthesis of red blood cells in red bone marrow

A

erythropoietin

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10
Q

the kidneys play an important role in controlling blood levels of calcium by activating vitamin D

A

regulation of vitamin D synthesis

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11
Q

outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds each kidney
a thick layer of adipose tissue also cushions and protects the kidneys

A

renal capsule

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12
Q

a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds the adipose tissue and helps anchor the kidneys to the abdominal wall

A

renal fascia

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13
Q

it is the medial indentation of the kidney where several structures including ureters, the renal blood vessels, and nerves, enter or exit the kidney

A

renal hilum

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14
Q

is just past the hilum of the kidney and is an internal space filled with loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, along with part of the renal pelvis, the calyces, and branches of blood vessels and nerves

A

renal sinus

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15
Q

outer region of the kidney where its blood-filtering structures are located

A

renal cortex

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16
Q

inner region of the kidney that surrounds the renal sinus

A

renal medulla

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17
Q

triangular shaped regions in the renal medulla which are a collection of tubes and ducts that transport fluid throughout the kidney and modify it into urine
once urine is formed, ducts in these transport it toward the renal sinus

A

renal pyramids

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18
Q

the tips of the pyramids that point toward the renal sinus

A

renal papillae

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19
Q

bases of the medullary pyramids that project into the cortex

A

medullary rays

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20
Q

extensions of the cortex that separates the medullary pyramids

A

renal columns

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21
Q

cup shaped areas that enclose the medullary pyramids and collect urine

A

calyces

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22
Q

small funnel shaped chamber surrounding the tip of the renal papilla collecting the formed urine

A

minor calyx

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23
Q

larger funnel shaped chamber where urine from several minor calyces are emptied

A

major calyx

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24
Q

single enlarged funnel shaped chamber that drains urine from the calyces to the ureters
it is embedded in and surrounded by the renal sinus

A

renal pelvis

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25
Q

the structural and functional unit of the kidney that forms the urine

A

nephron

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26
Q

filtration unit of the nephron and receives fluid from the blood

A

renal corpuscle

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27
Q

a cluster of capillaries where waste products are filtered from the blood
it is fed and drained by arterioles

A

glomerulus

28
Q

the afferent arteriole is the feeder vessel and the efferent arteriole receives blood that has passed through the __________

A

glomerulus

29
Q

thin membranous double walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus through which glomerular filtrate passes

A

Bowman’s capsule

30
Q

a tube that connect from the bowman’s capsule where the fluid from the renal corpuscle travels

A

renal tubule

31
Q

drains filtrate away from the renal corpuscle and returns filtered substances to the blood

A

proximal convoluted tube (PCT)

32
Q

descends into the renal medulla and returns to the renal cortex, helps conserve water and solutes

A

loop of Henle

33
Q

passes near the renal corpuscle then leads to a collecting duct that rids the blood of additional wastes

A

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

34
Q

receives the fluid from the renal tubules of several nephrons
urine from many of these empties into the funnel-like upper portion of the ureter called the renal pelvis

A

collecting duct

35
Q

a tubule (larger diameter than the collecting ducts) located near the tip of the renal papilla where the collecting ducts merge and empties into the minor calyces

A

papillary duct

36
Q

two types of nephrons

A

juxtamedullary nephrons
cortical nephrons

37
Q

type of nephrons that have renal corpuscles that are found deep in the cortex near the medulla
they have long loops of Henle, which extend deep into the medulla
longer loops of Henle are well adapted for water conservation

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

38
Q

type of nephrons that have renal corpuscles that are distributed throughout the cortex
their loops of Henle are shorter and are closer to the outer edge of the cortex

A

cortical nephrons

39
Q

sometimes the flow of urine is blocked due to stones, infection, congenital abnormalities, or trauma
to restore the flow, a __________ __________ can be placed through the skin of the lower back into the kidney
as a result, urine will then drain into a small bag connected to the tube

A

nephrostomy tube

40
Q

a procedure that uses shock waves to break up stones in the kidney and parts of the ureter

A

lithotripsy

41
Q

a liquid waste formed by the kidneys from cleansing the blood

A

urine

42
Q

urine consists of excess water, including the protein by-product called __________, and toxic substances

A

urea

43
Q

color of urine

A

freshly voided urine is generally clear and pale straw to deep yellow

44
Q

odor of urine

A

slightly aromatic
if allowed to stand, it takes an ammonia odor caused by the action of bacteria on the urine solutes

45
Q

pH of urine

A

slightly acidic with a pH of 6
changes in the body metabolism and certain foods may cause it to be much more acidic or basic

46
Q

constituents of urine

A

solutes like sodium, potassium, urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, and bicarbonate ions are normally found in urine depending on the blood composition

47
Q

when the nephrons exchanges materials with the blood along its entire length

A

urine formation

48
Q

a nonselective, passive process in which fluid and dissolved substances from the blood enter the renal corpuscle forming the fluid filtrate
the filtrate is essentially blood plasma without blood proteins
both proteins and the blood cells are normally too large to pass through the filtration membrane
filtration removes only those substances small enough to fit through the filtration membrane
blood pressure drives substances across the capillary walls into the nephron

A

glomerular filtration

49
Q

water, glucose, amino acids, ions, and other useful substances return to the blood from the filtrate
this takes place in the renal tubule and begins as soon as the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tube
some reabsorption is done passively (osmosis) but most depend on active transport requiring ATP and are very selective

A

tubular reabsorption

50
Q

where drugs, poisons, and hydrogen ions are secreted from the blood into the filtrate to be eliminated in the urine
this also takes place in the renal tubule

A

tubular secretion

51
Q

it is a common type of indwelling catheter
it has soft, plastic, or rubber tube that is inserted into the bladder to drain the urine

A

Foley catheter

52
Q

it provides a continuous infusion of sterile solution into the urinary bladder using a three-way irrigation system with a triple-lumen catheter, to remove loose tissue, clot and mucous shreds from the bladder

A

continuous bladder irrigation (CBI)

53
Q

a narrow muscular tube where the urine from the kidney drains
waves of peristalsis squeeze the fluid along these into the urinary bladder

A

ureter

54
Q

a smooth, collapsible saclike muscular organ that collects urine and stores it temporarily
it is located retroperitoneally in the pelvis just posterior to the pubic symphysis

A

urinary bladder

55
Q

tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body

A

urethra

56
Q

keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed

A

urethral sphincters

57
Q

involuntary sphincter preventing urine leakage from the urinary bladder

A

internal urethral sphincter

58
Q

voluntary sphincter allowing a person to start or stop the flow of urine through the urethra

A

external urethral sphincter

59
Q

the act of voiding or urinating to empty the bladder

A

micturition

60
Q

is a specialized regulatory structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole
it is located next to the glomerulus and its main function is to regulate blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

61
Q

are specialized secretory smooth muscle cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus that secrete the hormone enzyme renin

A

juxtaglomerular cells

62
Q

an enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body’s renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that mediates the volume of extracellular fluid and arterial vasoconstriction to regulate blood pressure
also known as angiotensinogenase

A

renin

63
Q

mechanism initiated under low blood pressure conditions that leads to the release of renin by the juxtaglomerular cells

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS)

64
Q

renin enters the blood and converts angiotensin, a plasma protein produced by the liver, to __________

A

angiotensin I

65
Q

an enzyme produced by the lungs that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

66
Q

it is a potent vasoconstricting hormone that increases peripheral assistance, causing blood pressure to increase

A

angiotensin II

67
Q

angiotensin II also increases blood pressure by increasing the rate of ____________ ___________ which decreases sodium excretion, the sensation of thirst, salt appetite, and ADH secretion which raises water reabsorption in the kidneys

A

aldosterone secretion

ANAPHYSIO (20 decks)

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