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ANAPHYSIO > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

a body tissue that functions for contraction or shortening

A

muscle

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1
Q

a body tissue that functions for contraction or shortening

A

muscle

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2
Q

they are responsible for essentially all body movement

A

muscle

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3
Q

they are a dominant tissue in the heart and in the walls of other hollow organs of the body
it makes up nearly half of the body mass

A

muscle

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4
Q

[muscle functions]
contraction of muscles attached to bones produces movements under voluntary control

A

producing movement

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5
Q

[muscle functions]
muscle attached to the bones keep the body upright despite the pull of gravity and stabilize the joints

A

maintaining posture

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6
Q

[muscle functions]
contraction of the skeletal muscles of the thorax and the diaphragm help us breathe

A

respiration

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7
Q

[muscle functions]
metabolic activity in the muscles generate abundant heat as by-product and is needed in maintaining body temperature

A

generating heat

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8
Q

[muscle functions]
skeletal muscles are involved in all aspects of __________, including speaking, writing, typing, gesturing, and smiling or frowning

A

communication

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9
Q

[muscle functions]
the contraction of smooth muscle within the walls of internal organs and vessels causes those structures to constrict

A

constriction of organs and vessels

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10
Q

[muscle functions]
the contraction of cardiac muscle causes the heart to beat, propelling blood to all parts of the body

A

contraction of the heart

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11
Q

what are the three muscle types

A

skeletal muscles
cardiac muscles
smooth muscles

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12
Q

voluntary muscles attached to bones

A

skeletal muscles

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13
Q

locomotion, facial expressions, posture, respiratory functions, speech, and other body movements are due to __________ contraction

A

skeletal muscle

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14
Q

the __________ controls the voluntary aspects of skeletal muscle

A

nervous system

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15
Q

involuntary muscles found only in the heart

A

cardiac muscles

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16
Q

its contractions provide the major force for moving blood through the circulatory system

A

cardiac muscle

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17
Q

involuntary muscles widely distributed in the body such as in the walls of hollow visceral organs, stomach, intestines, uterus, blood vessels, ducts of glands, and respiratory passages

A

smooth muscles

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18
Q

__________ contraction propels urine through the urinary tract, mixes food in the stomach and small intestine, and regulates the flow of blood through blood vessels

A

smooth muscle

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19
Q

they are made up of single, very long and cylindrical cells with very obvious striations

A

skeletal muscle

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20
Q

they are made up of branching chains of cells with striations

A

cardiac muscles

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21
Q

they are made up of cells with no striations

A

smooth muscles

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22
Q

what are the four muscle properties

A

contractility
excitability
extensibility
elasticity

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23
Q

[muscle properties]
the ability of muscle to shorten forcefully

A

contractility

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24
Q

[muscle properties]
the capacity of the muscle to respond to an electrical stimulus

A

excitability

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25
Q

[muscle properties]
a muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting length and still be able to contract

A

extensibility

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26
Q

[muscle properties]
the ability of muscle to spring back to its original resting length after it has been stretched

A

elasticity

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27
Q

individual muscle cell (with a length range from 1 to 40 mm) that contains multiple nuclei and other organelles

A

muscle fiber or myocyte

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28
Q

bundle of parallel skeletal muscle fibers

A

fasicle

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29
Q

layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscles and group of muscles
these outer layer keep the muscles separate from surrounding tissues and organs

A

muscle fascia

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30
Q

forms a connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle
its protein fibers gradually merge with the muscular fascia

31
Q

connective tissue sheath that surrounds fascicles, subdividing each whole muscle into numerous bundles of muscle fibers

A

perimysium

32
Q

delicate layer of connective tissue that separates the individual muscle fibers within each fasicle
it serves as passageways for nerve fibers and blood vessels that supply each separate muscle fiber

A

endomysium

33
Q

plasma membrane of muscle fibers

A

sarcolemma

34
Q

tube-like inward folds of the sarcolemma

A

transverse tubules or T tubules

35
Q

at regular intervals along the muscled fiber, the sarcolemma forms __________ by projecting and extending into the interior of the muscle fiber

36
Q

they carry electrical impulses into the center of the muscle fiber so that every contractile unit of the muscle fiber contracts in unison

37
Q

highly specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers that stores high levels of calcium

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

38
Q

enlarged portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
T tubules lie next to it

A

terminal cisternae

39
Q

formed by two terminal cisternae and their associated T tubule

40
Q

bundle of parallel protein filaments running the length of the muscle fiber
hundreds to thousands of cylindrical __________ occupy the most of the cell’s volume

41
Q

structural and functional unit of the myofibril
the smallest portion of a muscle that can contract

42
Q

individual thick and thin filaments that make up a myofibril
the interaction of these are the basis of muscle contraction

A

myofilaments

43
Q

a thin filament of two entwined strands of proteins that makes up the sarcomere

44
Q

a long fibrous protein that lies in the groove along the fibrous actin strand

A

tropomyosin

45
Q

in a relaxed muscle, __________ is covering the active sites of the actin where thick myosin filament binds
a muscle cannot contract until it moves to uncover the active sites

A

tropomyosin

46
Q

attached to tropomyosin and lies within the groove between actin filaments in the muscle tissue

47
Q

a thick filament of protein that also makes up the sarcomere

48
Q

bind and pull on the actin filaments, causing actin to slide in between each myosin set, therefore shortening the entire contractile unit
when this process is duplicated across many sarcomere units, the entire muscle or group of mucles is enabled to contract, consequently causing a desired movement

A

myosin heads

49
Q

made up of a motor neuron synapsed to the muscle fibers

A

motor unit

50
Q

carry action potentials or electrical signals which stimulate muscles to contract

A

motor neurons

51
Q

is the point of contact of motor neuron axon branches with the muscle fiber

A

neuromuscular junction or synapse

52
Q

the neurotransmitter that stimulates the skeletal muscle fibers to contract

A

acetycholine

53
Q

occurs when acetylcholine is no longer released at the neuromuscular junction

A

muscle relaxation

54
Q

type of contractions where a muscle does not shorten
this type of contraction increases the tension in the muscle, but the length of the muscle stays the same

A

isometric contractions

55
Q

type of contractions where the muscle shortens
this type of contraction increases the tension in the muscle and the length of the muscle decreases

A

isotonic contractions

56
Q

isotonic contractions in which tension in the muscle is great enough to overcome the opposing resistance, and the muscle shortens

A

concentric contractions

57
Q

isotonic contractions in which tension is maintained in a muscle, but the opposing resistance is great enough to cause the muscle to increase the length

A

eccentric contractions

58
Q

[antagonistic muscle pairs]
prime mover muscles that causes a particular movement

A

agonist muscles

59
Q

[antagonistic muscle pairs]
muscles that oppose or reverse a movement

A

antagonist muscles

60
Q

[antagonistic muscle pairs]
help agonists by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements

A

synergist muscles

61
Q

[antagonistic muscle pairs]
are specialized synergists
they hold a bone still or stabilize the origin of the agonist muscles so all the tension can be used to move the insertion bone

A

fixator muscles

62
Q

all muscles have at least two attachments: __________

A

origin or fixed end
insertion or mobile end

63
Q

muscle is attached to the immovable or less movable bone in its proximal end
some muscles have more than one __________

A

origin or fixed end

64
Q

muscle is attached to the movable bone in its distal end
the attached bone is being pulled toward the other bone of the joint

A

insertion or mobile end

65
Q

muscles can only __________ and can never __________

A

can only pull
can never push

66
Q

during contraction, the muscle insertion moves __________ the origin

A

moves toward

67
Q

can greatly influence the degree to which it can contract and the amount of force it can generate

A

muscle shape

68
Q

determines the type of movement it has and is determined by the arrangement of fasicles

A

muscle shape

69
Q

[muscle shapes]
have their fasicles arranged in a circle around an opening and act as sphincters to close the opening

A

circular muscles

70
Q

[muscle shapes]
have fasicles that join at one common tendon from a wide area, which created muscles that are triangular in shape

A

convergent muscles

71
Q

[muscle shapes]
similar with convergent muscles, have fasicles that are organized parallel to the long axis of the muscle, but they terminate on a flat tendon that spans the width of the entire muscle

A

parallel muscles

72
Q

[muscle shapes]
fasicles run the length of the entire muscle and taper at each end to terminate at tendons
these muscles have expanded midsection that the ends

A

fusiform muscles

73
Q

[muscle shapes]
have fasicles that emerge like the barbs on a feather from a common tendon that runs the length of the entire muscle

A

pennate muscle

74
Q

[muscle shapes]
fasicles are on one side of the tendon

A

unipennate muscles

75
Q

[muscle shapes]
fasicles arranged on two sides of the tendon

A

bipennate muscles

76
Q

[muscle shapes]
fasicles arranged at many places around the central tendon

A

multipennate muscles

ANAPHYSIO (20 decks)

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