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ANAPHYSIO > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the skeletal system

A

bones
cartilage
tendons
ligaments

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2
Q

it is the framework and gives shape to the body, support, and protects the internal organs

A

skeleton

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3
Q

what are the five functions of the skeletal system

A

body support
body movement
organ protection
blood cell production
mineral storage

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4
Q

[functions]
the skeleton supports the body against gravity
it largely determines the body’s shape

A

body support

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5
Q

[functions]
the skeleton is a system of muscle operated levers

A

body movement

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6
Q

[functions]
the bone is hard and protects the organs it surrounds

A

organ protection

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7
Q

[functions]
many long bones contain cavities filled with red bone marrow, a tissue that produces new red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
the yellow bone marrow replaces the red bone marrow

A

blood cell production

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8
Q

[functions]
the bone stores calcium and phosphorus
if blood levels of these minerals decrease, the minerals are released from bone into blood

A

mineral storage

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9
Q

__________ __________ is also stored within bone cavities
if needed, the lipids are released into the blood and used by other tissues as a source of energy

A

adipose tissue

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10
Q

__________ are hard connective tissue forming the substance and structure of the skeleton

A

bones

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11
Q

the adult skeleton is composed of __________ bones

A

206 bones

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12
Q

bone destroying cells that break down the bone

A

osteoclasts

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13
Q

is the breakdown of bone and is important for mobilizing crucial calcium and phosphate ions for use in many metabolic processes

A

bone reabsorption or bone resorption

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14
Q

as bone is broken down, the __________ goes back into the blood

A

calcium

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15
Q

bone forming or bone building cells that produces collagen and secrete matrix vesicles that contain calcium and phosphate

A

osteoblasts

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16
Q

the formation of new bone by osteoblasts

A

ossification

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17
Q

it occurs by appositional growth on the surface of previously existing material, either bone or cartilage

A

ossification

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18
Q

__________ is produced by the osteoblasts covers the older bone surface and surrounds the osteoblast cell bodies and extensions
the result is a new layer of bone

A

bone matrix

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19
Q

the living protein matrix laid down by the osteoblasts
forms a living web-like protein matrix

A

bone collagen

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20
Q

provides scaffolding for bone formation
becomes mineralized to make bones strong and appear to be hard

A

bone collagen

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21
Q

mature bone cells accounting for 90% - 95% of bone cells and has a life span of 25 years

A

osteocytes

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22
Q

osteocytes are connected to neighboring osteocytes through their cell extensions: __________ and __________

A

lacunae
canaliculi

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23
Q

spaces between the bone matrix where osteocyte cell bodies are housed

A

lacunae

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24
Q

long narrow spaces where osteocyte cell extensions are housed

A

canaliculi

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25
Q

nutrients and gases pass through the small amount of fluid surrounding the cells in the __________ and __________ or pass from cell to cell through the gap junctions connecting the cell extensions

A

canaliculi and lacunae

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26
Q

has more bone matrix and less space than spongy bone
it is dense and looks smooth and homogenous making a solid outer layer surrounding each bone

A

compact bone

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27
Q

thin concentric sheets or layers of organized arrangement of collagen fibers approximately 3-7 micrometers thick

A

lamella

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28
Q

appears porous, has less bone matrix and more space than compact bone
it is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space

A

spongy bone

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29
Q

interconnecting rods or plates of bone found in spongy bone
between the __________ are spaces, filled with bone marrow and blood vessels

A

trabeculae

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30
Q

typically longer than they are wide
they have a shaft with heads at both ends

A

long bones

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31
Q

long bones are mostly __________ bone

A

compact bone

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32
Q

most of the bones of the __________ are long bones

A

upper and lower limbs

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33
Q

bone classification that are generally cube shaped
the wrist and ankle bones are examples

A

short bones

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34
Q

short bones contain mostly __________ bone

A

spongy bone

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35
Q

bones that are thin, flattened, and usually curved

A

flat bones

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36
Q

flat bones have two thin layers of __________ sandwiching a layer of __________ between them

A

compact bone
spongy bone

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37
Q

give examples of long bones

A

humerus, femur (any of the bones in the upper or lower limb)

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38
Q

give examples of short bones

A

wrist and ankle

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39
Q

give examples of flat bones

A

sternum, skull bones, ribs, shoulder blades

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40
Q

give examples of irregular bones

A

vertebra, facial bones

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41
Q

[structure of long bones]
the functional unit of a long bone
it is composed of concentric rings of matrix, which surround a central tunnel and contain osteocytes

A

osteon

42
Q

[structure of long bones]
contains blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue
this is surrounded by lamellae rings of bone matrix

A

central canal

43
Q

[structure of long bones]
contains blood vessels and delivers blood to the central canals of the osteons
these run perpendicular to the length of the bone

A

volkmann canal

44
Q

[structure of long bones]
the center portion of the bone and is composed primarily of compact bone

A

diaphysis

45
Q

[structure of long bones]
a hollow center surrounded by the diaphysis
it is where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow are stored

A

medullary cavity

46
Q

site of blood cell formation

A

red bone marrow

47
Q

adipose tissue for storage of fats

A

yellow bone marrow

48
Q

[structure of long bones]
the ends of the long bones
these are mostly spongy bone, with an outer layer of compact bone

A

epiphysis

49
Q

[structure of long bones]
it is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis where growth in bone length occurs

A

epiphyseal plate

50
Q

[structure of long bones]
the ossified epiphyseal plate resulting from the stopping of bone growth in length

A

epiphyseal line

51
Q

[structure of long bones]
a connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone
the outer fibrous layer is dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves

A

periosteum

52
Q

[structure of long bones]
a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones, such as the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and the smaller cavities in spongy and compact bone

A

endosteum

53
Q

these bones have a composition similar to the epiphyses of long bones - compact bone surfaces surrounding a spongy bone center with small spaces that are usually filled with marrow

A

short and irregular bones

54
Q

these bones are not elongated and have no diaphyses
however, certain regions of these bones, such as the processes, have epiphyseal growth plates and therefore small epiphyses

A

short and irregular bones

55
Q

within some of the flat and irregular bones of the skull are air-filled spaces

A

sinuses

56
Q

sinuses are lined by __________

A

mucous membranes

57
Q

it is the process of replacing old bone with new bone

A

bone remodeling

58
Q

__________ remove old bone and __________ deposit new bone

A

osteoclasts
osteoblasts

59
Q

involved in several important functions, including bone growth, changes in bone shape, adjustment of the bone to stress, bone repair, and body calcium ion regulation

A

bone remodeling

60
Q

bones are remodeled continuously in response to changes in two factors

A

calcium levels in the blood
pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

61
Q

bones increase in size only by __________ which is the formation of new bone on the surface of older bone or cartilage

A

appositional growth

62
Q

long bones and bony projections increase in length because of growth at the __________

A

epiphyseal plate

63
Q

in a long bone, the epiphyseal plate separates the __________ from the ___________

A

epiphysis from the diaphysis

64
Q

long bones grow by creating new cartilage via __________ in the epiphyseal plate
this is followed by __________ on the surface of the existing cartilage

A

interstitial growth
appositional bone growth

65
Q

osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down bone beneath it to form a series of ridges with grooves between them, following appositional bone growth

A

bone width growth

66
Q

as the osteoblasts continue to produce bone, the ridges __________, and meet to change the groove into a tunnel which is lined by the endosteum

A

increase in size, extend toward each other

67
Q

bones located along the central axis of the body

A

axial skeleton

68
Q

the axial skeleton consists of _____________

A

bones of the head, vertebral column, and rib cage

69
Q

it also protects the brain, the spinal cord, and the vital organs housed within the thorax

A

axial skeleton

70
Q

consists of the appendages and the bones that support them

A

appendicular skeleton

71
Q

the appendicular skeleton is made up of __________

A

bones of the upper limbs, lower limbs, and the two girdles: pectoral and pelvic girdle

72
Q

allows movement of appendages and supports weights in an upright position

A

appendicular skeleton

73
Q

this bone is a small u-shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bone, connecting to its neghboring structures by muscles and ligaments

A

hyoid bone

74
Q

this bone is located at the midline at the level of C3 providing stability to the adjacent structures and playing a critical role in the movement of the upper airway

A

hyoid bone

75
Q

it is a continuous series of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs

A

vertebral column

76
Q

there are usually __________ vertebrae named according to their region: __________

A

33 vertebrae
cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and coccyx

77
Q

how many bones are there in each region of the vertebrae

A

cervical vertebrae (7)
thoracic vertebrae (12)
lumbar vertebrae (5)
sacrum (5 fused) and coccyx (4 fused)

78
Q

this bones is the lower part of your pelvis that is sometimes referred to as your sit bones

A

ischial tuberosity or ischium

79
Q

it is the ilium’s top border, the largest of the three bones that make up the pelvis

A

iliac crest

80
Q

an elastic band of tissue that connects bone to bone and provides stability to the joint

A

ligament

81
Q

a band of tissue that connects muscle to bone

A

tendon

82
Q

a soft, gel-like padding between bones that protects joints and facilitates movement

A

cartilage

83
Q

most bones in the body start out as __________ model, growth in the bone length and and bone repair often involve making __________ first, then replacing it with bone

A

hyaline cartilage

84
Q

hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, has no blood vessels or nerves

A

articular cartilage

85
Q

articulations holds the bones together securely but also give the rigid skeleton mobility

A

joint

86
Q

these joint classifications focus on the amount of movement allowed by the joint

A

synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses

87
Q

immovable joints

A

synarthroses

88
Q

slightly movable joints

A

amphiarthroses

89
Q

freely movable joints

A

diarthroses

90
Q

these joint classifications are according to the major connective tissue type that binds the bones together and whether a fluid-filled joint capsule is present

A

fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints

91
Q

are immovable and slightly movable joints connecting the bones with fibrous tissue

A

fibrous joints

92
Q

the best example of these joints are the sutures of the skull
the irregular edges of the bones interlock and are bound together by connective tissue fibers allowing no movement to ocur

A

fibrous joints

93
Q

are immovable and slightly movable joints connecting the bone ends with cartilage

A

cartilaginous joints

94
Q

examples of this joint type are the intervertebral joints of the spinal column, where the articulating bone surfaces are connected by discs of fibrocartilage

A

cartilaginous joints

95
Q

freely movable joints with bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

A

synovial joints

96
Q

most joints that unite the bones of the appendicular skeleton are __________, reflecting the far greater mobility of the appendicular skeleton compared with the axial skeleton

A

synovial joints

97
Q

serves as protection and lubrication to the joints
it reduces friction during movement

A

synovial fluid

98
Q

describes the amount of mobility that can be demonstrated in a given joint

A

range of motion

99
Q

it is the amount of movement that can be accomplished by contracting the muscles that normally act across a joint

A

active range of motion

100
Q

it is the amount of movement that can be accomplished when the structures that meet at the joint are moved by an outside force

A

passive range of motion

ANAPHYSIO (20 decks)

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