Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAPHYSIO > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

consists of organs that ingest food, break it down, absorb the small molecules, and eliminate undigested wastes

A

digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

provides a steady supply of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, minerals, and vitamins to replace materials that leave the body

A

digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

it is the process by which the body obtains and uses certain components of food

A

nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the chemicals taken into the body that are used to produce energy, to provide building blocks for new molecules, and to function in other chemical reactions

A

nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

refers to all chemical reactions on how the cells utilize the energy we have absorbed from food during digestion necessary to maintain life

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

energy releasing process by which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

A

catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

energy requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules

A

anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

it is the intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach
the normal route is through the oral cavity

A

ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

it is the process by which the teeth chew food in the mouth

A

mastication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

it is the movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other
each segment of the digestive tract is specialized to assist in moving its contents from the oral end to the anal end

A

propulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

moves liquids or a soft mass of food and liquid, called a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus

A

swallowing / deglutition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

are muscular contraction consisting of a wave of relaxation of the circular muscles in front of the bolus, followed by a wave of strong contraction of the circular muscles behind the bolus, which force the bolus along the digestive tube

A

peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

are contractions that move material in the distal parts of the large intestine to the anus

A

mass movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

some contraction do not propel food from one end of the digestive tract to the other but, rather, move it back and forth within the digestive tract to mix it with digestive secretions and help break it into smaller pieces

A

mixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gentle contractions that churn the food with secretions in the stomach

A

mixing waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mix food particles with digestive secretion in the small intestine

A

segmental contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

as food moves through the digestive tract, secretions are added to lubricate, liquefy, buffer, and digest the food

A

secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

secreted ___________ coats and protects the epithelial cells of the digestive tract from mechanical abrasion, stomach acid, and digestive enzymes

A

mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_____________ secreted by the oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, and pancreas break down large food molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the intestinal wall

A

enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

it is the breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts

A

digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

food is physically broken down into small particles which involves the mastication and chewing of food

A

mechanical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

break food molecules into small subunits accomplished by digestive enzymes secreted along the digestive tract

A

chemical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

it is the movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into the circulation or into the lymphatic system

A

absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

it is the process by which the waste products of digestion are removed from the body
during this process, which occurs primarily in the large intestine, water and salts are absorbed, changing the material in the digestive tract from liquefied to semi-solid

A

elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

these semi-solid waste products, called _____________, are then eliminated from the digestive tract by the process of defecation

A

feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the digestive system consists of the ___________ __________ and the __________ __________

A

gastrointestinal tract
accessory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

serous membrane that lines the walls and organs of the abdominal cavity
these membrane are very smooth and secrete a serous fluid, which provides a lubricating film between the layers of membranes
the membranes and fluid reduce friction as organs move within the abdomen

A

peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the serous membrane that covers the organs

A

visceral peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the serous membrane that covers the interior surface wall of the abdominal cavity

A

parietal peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

connective tissue sheets that hold many of the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

A

mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

they consist of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of loose connective tissue between them
they provide a route by which vessels and nerves can pass from the abdominal wall to the organs

A

mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

are abdominal organs that lie against the abdominal wall that have no mesenteries

A

retroperitoneal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

also known as the alimentary canal, is a continuous, coiled, hollow muscular tube with opening at both ends and performs the breakdown of food

A

gastrointestinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the innermost layer, a moist mucus membrane that lines the hollow cavity, or lumen, of the organ
it consists primarily of surface epithelium plus a small amount of connective tissue and a scanty smooth muscle layer
beyond the esophagus, which has a friction resisting stratified squamous epithelium is mostly simple columnar

A

mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

found beneath the mucosa
it is soft connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerve endings, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and lymphatic vessels

A

submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

muscle layer typically made up of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells

A

muscularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

outermost layer of the wall
it is the visceral peritoneum that covers the organs in the peritoneal cavity
it consists of a single layer of flat, serous fluid-producing cells
the visceral peritoneum is continuous with the slippery parietal peritoneum, which lines the abdominopelvic cavity by way of a membrane extension, the mesentery

A

serosa or adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

a mucous membrane lined cavity where food enters

A

mouth / oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

muscular structures formed by muscles and connective tissues with its outer surfaces covered by the skin

A

lips / labia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

form the lateral walls of the oral cavity
it includes the buccinators muscle and the buccal fat pad which rounds out the profile on the side of the face

A

cheeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

separates the oral and nasal cavities and prevents food from passing into the nasal cavity during chewing and swallowing

A

palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

bony part that forms the mouth’s anterior roof

A

hard palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

non-bony part the forms the mouth’s posterior roof

A

soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

it is a fleshy fingerlike projection of the soft palate, which extends downward from its posterior edge

A

uvula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

large muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth
it moves food in the mouth and, in cooperation with the lips and gums, holds the food in place during mastication
it also plays a major role in swallowing

A

tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

secretion of the mouth that is mostly water and bicarbonate ions, moistens food and mucus membrane; neutralizes bacterial acids; flushes bacteria from the oral cavity

A

serous saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

secretion of the mouth that digests carbohydrates

A

salivary amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

secretion of the mouth that lubricates food and protects digestive tract from digestion

A

mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

secretion of the mouth that digests minor amount of lipids

A

lingual lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

common passageways for food, fluids and air
it provides a passageway of food to the esophagus

A

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

portion of the pharynx that transmits air only

A

nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

portions of the pharynx that transmit air and food

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

runs from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach and is a passageway that conducts food to the stomach
it is about 25 cm long and lies in the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea

A

esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

the esophagus passes through the __________ __________ of the diaphragm and ends in the stomach

A

esophageal hiatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

secretion of the esophagus that lubricates it; protects its lining from abrasion and allows food to move more smooth through the esophagus

A

mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

located at the upper end of the esophagus

A

upper esophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

located at the lower end of the esophagus

A

lower esophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

the movement of food through the pharynx and esophagus is controlled by the __________ __________ of the autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

food is moved through the pharynx and then into the esophagus by __________

A

peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

occurs when the upper part of the stomach pushes through an opening in the diaphragm and into the chest cavity

A

hiatal hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus)
this backwash (acid reflux) can irritate the lining of your esophagus

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) / heart burn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

a C-shaped organ on the left side of the abdominal cavity that secretes gastric juice (enzymes, mucus, and hydrochloric acid) for digestion
it primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

a valve that opens to allow the entry of food from the esophagus to the stomach also called the lower esophageal sphincter

A

cardiac sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

a valve that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

the upper portion of the stomach closest to the heart

A

cardiac region

66
Q

it is the expanded part of the stomach lateral to the cardiac region

A

fundus

67
Q

it is the mid-portion of the stomach and the largest part of the stomach

A

body

68
Q

the lower portion of the stomach near the intestine where the food mixes with the gastric juice

A

antrum

69
Q

terminal part of the stomach and is continuous with the small intestine

A

pylorus

70
Q

stomach secretion when mixes with food forms __________

A

chyme

71
Q

it is a semifluid material of processed food that is released from the stomach to the small intestines through the pyloric sphincter

A

chyme

72
Q

antibacterial secretion and decreases stomach pH to activate pepsinogen to pepsin

A

hydrochloric acid

73
Q

protects stomach lining from acid and digestion

A

mucus

74
Q

secretion of the stomach that binds to vitamin B12 and aids in the absorption of this vitamin in the small intestine

A

intrinsic factor

75
Q

two digestive enzymes

A

pepsin
gastric lipase

76
Q

digests protein into smaller peptide chains and activates pepsinogen

A

pepsin

77
Q

digests a minor amount of lipids

A

gastric lipase

78
Q

a hormone secreted by the gastric cells in the presence of food and decreasing stomach pH to produce more pepsin, mucus and HCl

A

gastrin

79
Q

involve in making changes to your digestive system weight-loss to help you lose weight
it is done when diet and exercise haven’t worked or when you have serious health problems because of your weight

A

gastric bypass surgery / bariatric surgery

80
Q

it is a type of weight-loss surgery that involves creating a small pouch from the stomach and connecting the newly created pouch directly to the small intestine

A

gastric bypass surgery

81
Q

a muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the Ileocecal valve for absorption of food
It is where the greatest amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients and water occurs

A

small intestine

82
Q

these are fingerlike projections of the intestinal mucosa

A

villi

83
Q

these are tiny projection of the plasma membrane of the intestinal mucosa cells

A

microvilli

84
Q

it is the first and shortest part where absorption begins
it also receives pancreatic juice and bile from the liver

A

duodenum

85
Q

midsection of the small intestine

A

jejunum

86
Q

the terminal part and joins the large intestine

A

ileum

87
Q

it is the joining point of the small and large intestines
it controls the flow between the small and large intestines and serves a barrier to prevent bacteria laden contents of the large intestine from contaminating the small intestine

A

ileocecal valve

88
Q

protects the duodenum from stomach acid and intestinal wall from digestive enzymes

A

mucus

89
Q

helps keep the chyme in a liquid form to facilitate the digestive process by pancreatic enzymes

A

electrolytes and water

90
Q

a hormone that decreases gastric secretions in response to acidic solutions in the duodenum
it stimulates pancreatic and liver bile secretions

A

secretin

91
Q

a hormone produced in response to lipid and protein digestion products in the duodenum
it slightly decreases gastric secretions, stimulates pancreatic secretions high in digestive enzymes, and causes contraction of the gallbladder to release bile

A

cholecystokinin

92
Q

movement in the small intestine involves mixing of the chyme and slow propulsion down the tract
__________ __________ mix the intestinal contents, and __________ __________ primarily propel the intestinal contents along the digestive tract

A

segmental contractions
peristaltic contractions

93
Q

the chemical digestion of food is accelerated and would take a __________ hour journey in the small intestines
by the time the food reaches the end of the small intestine, digestion is complete and nearly all food absorption has occurred

A

3 to 6 hour

94
Q

larger in diameter than the small intestine and function in drying out indigestible food residue by absorbing water

A

large intestine

95
Q

the formation of feces involves the absorption of water and salts, secretion of mucus, and extensive action of microorganisms
the __________ stores the feces until they are eliminated by defecation

A

colon

96
Q

the first part of the large intestine where it meets the small intestine at the ileocecal junction

A

cecum

97
Q

narrow pouch of tissue extending from the cecum
its walls contain many lymphatic nodules, which contribute to immune functions

A

vermiform appendix

98
Q

travels up the right side of the abdomen

A

ascending colon

99
Q

travels across the abdomen from right to left

A

transverse colon

100
Q

travels down the left abdomen

A

descending colon

101
Q

short curving of the colon just before the rectum

A

sigmoid colon

102
Q

connects the sigmoid colon to the anus where feces are stored before the release via the anal canal

A

rectum

103
Q

the last part of the digestive tract

A

anal canal

104
Q

it begins at the inferior end of the rectum and ends at the anus which is the opening at the end of the gastrointestinal tract through which fecal matter leaves the body

A

anal canal

105
Q

controls the opening and closing of the anus

A

anal sphincter

106
Q

anal sphincter with voluntary skeletal muscle

A

external anal sphincter

107
Q

anal sphincter with involuntary smooth muscle

A

internal anal sphincter

108
Q

secretion of the large intestine that provides adhesion for fecal matter;
protects intestinal wall from bacterial acids and actions

A

mucus

109
Q

Resident bacteria metabolize the remaining nutrients in the colon and release gases (methane and hydrogen sulfide) that contribute to the odor of the feces.
About __________ of flatus (gas) is produced each day

A

500 mL

110
Q

a spinal (sacral region) reflex that causes the walls of the sigmoid colon and the rectum to contract and the anal sphincters to relax

A

defecation reflex

111
Q

an operation to divert 1 end of the colon (part of the bowel) through an opening in the tummy
it can be permanent or temporary

A

colostomy

112
Q

the opening in a colostomy is called a __________
a pouch can be placed over this to collect your poo (stools)

A

stoma

113
Q

aid the processes of ingestion, digestion, and absorption
These organs either secrete or store substances that pass through ducts into the alimentary canal

A

accessory organs

114
Q

secretes saliva which is mixture of mucus and serous fluids that assist in digestion

A

salivary glands

115
Q

a combination of serous and mucus secretions
The mucus moistens and helps to bind food together which makes tasting, chewing and swallowing easier
It is also needed for normal speech
The clear serous fluids contains enzymes and antibodies as digestive and protective function

A

saliva

116
Q

digestive enzyme found in saliva which breaks down bonds between glucose molecules in starch and other polysaccharides

A

salivary amylase

117
Q

3 paired large salivary glands

A

parotid glands
submandibular glands
sublingual glands

118
Q

largest salivary glands, located beside the ear

A

parotid glands

119
Q

salivary glands located below the mandible

A

submandibular glands

120
Q

salivary glands located below the tongue

A

sublingual glands

121
Q

4 numerous small salivary glands

A

lingual glands
palatine glands
buccal glands
labial glands

122
Q

salivary glands located deep to the epithelium of the tongue

A

lingual glands

123
Q

salivary glands located in the palate

A

palatine glands

124
Q

salivary glands located in the cheeks

A

buccal glands

125
Q

salivary glands located in the lips

A

labial glands

126
Q

function in mechanical digestion by tearing and grinding food, breaking it down into smaller fragments
It also assists in speech

A

teeth

127
Q

milk teeth or primary teeth

A

deciduous teeth

128
Q

secondary teeth

A

permanent teeth

129
Q

teeth for cutting

A

incisors

130
Q

teeth for tearing and piercing

A

canines

131
Q

teeth for grinding

A

molars and premolars

132
Q

is a soft triangular exocrine and endocrine gland behind the stomach that produces enzymes breaking down all categories of digestible foods

A

pancreas

133
Q

The __________ are secreted into the duodenum by the pancreas in an alkaline fluid, which neutralizes the acidic chyme coming from the stomach

A

pancreatic enzymes

134
Q

are the exocrine cells of the pancreas that produce and transport enzymes that are passed into the duodenum where they assist in the digestion of food

A

acinar cells

135
Q

the exocrine secretions of the pancreas are called

A

pancreatic juice

136
Q

secretions of the pancreas that neutralize acid from stomach and provide appropriate pH for pancreatic enzymes

A

bicarbonate ions

137
Q

secretions of the pancreas that digests proteins, activates trypsinogen and other digestive enzymes

A

trypsin

138
Q

secretions of the pancreas that digests carbohydrates

A

pancreatic amylase

139
Q

secretion of the pancreas that digests lipids

A

pancreatic lipase

140
Q

secretions of the pancreas that digests ribonucleic acid

A

ribonuclease

141
Q

secretion of the pancreas that digests deoxyribonucleic acid

A

deoxyribonuclease

142
Q

Endocrine hormones of the pancreatic islets (3)

A

insulin
glucagon
somatostatin

143
Q

is the largest gland in the body
It is located under the diaphragm more to the right side of the body

A

liver

144
Q

The liver has many metabolic and regulatory roles, but its digestive function is to produce __________

A

bile

145
Q

the functional cells of the liver and produces bile, these cells take up nutrients from the portal blood

A

hepatocytes

146
Q

located at the inferior surface of the liver, where blood vessels and nerves enter and bile ducts and lymphatic vessels leave the liver

A

porta

147
Q

is a yellow to green, watery solution that emulsify fats by physically breaking large fat globules into smaller one

A

bile

148
Q

Bile produced each day is at __________ mL
It contains bile salts, bile pigments – bilirubin, cholesterol, lipids, and lipid-soluble hormones

A

600 to 1000 mL

149
Q

component of bile that emulsify lipids, which is necessary for subsequent digestion by lipase

A

bile salts

150
Q

component of bile which are pigments produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin and have greenish-yellow to brown colors and give feces their characteristic color

A

bile pigments (bilirubin)

151
Q

can remove sugar from the blood and store it in the form of glycogen
These cells can also store lipids, vitamins and minerals

A

hepatocytes

152
Q

The liver makes many harmful substances less toxic or makes their elimination easier
Hepatocytes remove toxic __________ (a byproduct of amino acid metabolism not readily removed by the kidneys) from the blood and convert it to the less toxic urea
Urea is then secreted into the blood and eliminated by the kidneys in the urine

A

ammonia

153
Q

is a small thin-walled green sac found below the liver
It functions as a storage area of bile from the liver
It also functions for the concentration of bile

A

gall bladder

154
Q

The liver continually secretes bile, which flows to the gallbladder, where __________ mL of bile is stored. While the bile is in the gallbladder, water and electrolytes are absorbed
Bile salts and pigments become as much as 5 – 10 times more concentrated than when secreted by the liver

A

40 – 70 mL

155
Q

the duct system that conveys bile from the liver, also receives ducts from the gallbladder and pancreas before connecting to the small intestine

A

biliary system

156
Q

formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts from the liver

A

common hepatic duct

157
Q

duct from the gallbladder that joins the common hepatic duct

A

cystic duct

158
Q

formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct

A

common bile duct

159
Q

is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juice for digestion

A

pancreatic duct

160
Q

an enlargement formed by the union of common bile duct and the pancreatic duct

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla / hepatopancreatic duct / ampulla of Vater

161
Q

controls the flow of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the ampulla of Vater

A

sphincter of Oddi

ANAPHYSIO (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions