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ANAPHYSIO > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

the __________ function is rapid communication by electrical and chemical signals

A

nervous system

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2
Q

it functions for coordination (integration) of many activities through the conduction of impulses from the receptors (sensory input - afferent) to the effectors (motor output - efferent)

A

nervous system

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3
Q

it helps maintain homeostasis and mental activity including consciousness, thinking, memory, and emotions

A

nervous system

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4
Q

what are the five functions of the nervous system

A

receiving sensory input
integrating information
controlling motor output
establishing and maintaining mental activity
maintaining homeostasis

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5
Q

sensory input

A

afferent

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6
Q

motor output

A

efferent

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7
Q

explain how the efferent and afferent work

A

sensory receptor —[sensory input]—> brain and spinal cord (CNS - Integration) —[motor output] PNS—> effector cells

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8
Q

what are the functional units of the nervous system

A

neurons or nerve cells

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9
Q

it is a cell that communicates either with one another or with muscles and glands

A

neurons or nerve cells

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10
Q

a neuron sends messages by conveying a __________
these signals result from the movement of charged ions across the cell membrane

A

neural impulse

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11
Q

part of the neuron that is the enlarged and rounded part that contains the nucleus, mitochondria that supply ATP, ribosomes that manufacture protein, and other organelles

A

cell body

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12
Q

parts of the neuron that are short, branched extensions that transmit information toward the cell body

A

dendrites

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13
Q

the number of dendrites may range from one to thousands, and each can __________ __________ from many other neurons

A

receive input

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14
Q

part of the neuron that is also called the nerve fiber, conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
it is a long extension that is finely branched at its tip

A

axon

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15
Q

the __________, composed of fatty material, coats sections of the axon speeding up nerve impulse conduction

A

myelin sheath

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16
Q

these are gaps in the myelin sheath coating on the neural axon

A

nodes of ranvier

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17
Q

it is the propagation of neural impulse along myelinated axons from one node of ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of the neural impulses

A

saltatory conduction

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18
Q

what are the major supporting cells in the nervous system
these cells help hold the nervous tissues together

A

neuroglia/neuroglial cells

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19
Q

neuroglial cells that are located at the brain and spinal cord, star shaped cells containing microfilaments giving them considerable strength to support neurons

A

astrocytes

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20
Q

processes of __________ wrapped around capillaries isolate the neurons from various potentially harmful substances in the blood maintaining selective permeability

A

astrocytes

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21
Q

neuroglial cells that are located at the brain and spinal cord, these cells function as phagocytes, removing microbes and damaged nervous tissues

A

microglia

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22
Q

neuroglial cells that line the brain ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord
produce and assist in the circulation of CSF

A

ependymal cells

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23
Q

the __________ protects and nourishes the brain and spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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24
Q

neuroglial cells that are responsible for forming and maintaining the myelin sheath around the neural axons of the brain and spinal cord
a single __________ myelinate several axons

A

oligodendrocytes

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25
Q

neuroglial cells that form the myelin sheath around the axons of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
several __________ myelinate a single axon

A

schwann cells

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26
Q

neuroglial cells that are flat and surround the cell bodies of neurons outside the brain and spinal cord providing structural support

A

satellite cells

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27
Q

neuroglial cells that regulate exchanges of materials between cell bodies and the interstitial fluid

A

satellite cells

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28
Q

the ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse

A

irritability

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29
Q

the transmission of a nerve impulse along a neuron from one end to the other occurs as a result of electrical changes across the membrane of the neuron

A

irritability

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30
Q

also known as a nerve impulse or nerve signals, a pulse like wave of voltage that passes on through a neuron that influences other neurons

A

action potentials

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31
Q

the ability of the neuron to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands

A

conductivity

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32
Q

when a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon releases chemicals called __________ stored at its synaptic vesicles

A

neurotransmitters

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33
Q

a __________ is a specialized junction at which a signal from one neuron’s axon flows with another neuron or an effector organ such as muscle or gland

A

chemical synapse

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34
Q

part of the synapse that is the space between 2 communicating nerve cells

A

synaptic cleft

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35
Q

part of the synapse that consists of the end of an axon

A

presynaptic terminal

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36
Q

part of the synapse that contains many small sacs, or vesicles, that hold neurotransmitter molecules

A

presynaptic terminal

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37
Q

part of the synapse that is the receptor containing membrane of the postsynaptic cell opposed to the presynaptic terminal

A

postsynaptic membrane

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38
Q

__________ cells are typically other neurons, muscles, or glands

A

postsynaptic cells

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39
Q

chemical signals that travel from a “sending” cell to a “receiving” cell
these substances may be excitatory or inhibitory

A

neurotransmitters

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40
Q

nervous tissue that consists of neuron cell bodies and dendrites, along with the synapses by which they communicate with other cells
information processing occurs in the __________

A

gray matter

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41
Q

nervous tissue that consists of myelinated axons transmitting information throughout the nervous system

A

white matter

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42
Q

nervous tissue that forms the nerve tracts or conduction pathways of the brain and spinal cord which propagate impulses

A

white matter

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43
Q

outside the brain and spinal cord, the bundles of axons and their connective tissue sheaths are called __________

A

nerves

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44
Q

which of the two nervous tissues is more important

A

gray matter

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45
Q

contains the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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46
Q

contains the 12 cranial nerves and the 31 spinal nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

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47
Q

division of the PNS that communicates with internal organs and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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48
Q

division of the PNS that communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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49
Q

division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for arousing and fight or flight
also called as E division or emergency division

A

sympathetic division

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50
Q

division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for calming, rest or digest, or feed or breed
also called as D division or defecation division

A

parasympathetic division

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51
Q

the __________ consists of the brain and spinal cord, which act as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system

A

central nervous system

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52
Q

the __________ is the largest and the most complex mass of nerve tissue in the body
it functions to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body

A

brain

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53
Q

the __________ acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones

A

brain

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54
Q

what are the three brain subdivisions

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

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55
Q

it is the largest part of the hindbrain
its neurons refine motor messages and coordinate muscle movements for posture and balance subconsciously

A

cerebellum

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56
Q

region of the hindbrain that is the pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts

A

medulla oblongata

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57
Q

this region not only regulates blood vessel diameter, breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate, but it also contains reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, defecating, swallowing, and hiccupping

A

medulla oblongata

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58
Q

part of the hindbrain which means “bridge”, connects the forebrain with medulla oblongata and cerebellum enabling relaying of information

A

pons

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59
Q

it is made up of the midbrain and parts of the hindbrain (medulla oblongata and pons)

A

brainstem

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60
Q

it is part of the midbrain that is a stalk-like lower portion of the brain that regulates essential survival functions such as breathing and heartbeat
it connects the spinal cord to the brain

A

brainstem

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61
Q

it is nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem; controls brainstem activities, including motor control, pain perception, rhythmic activities, and the sleep wake cycle (Circadian rhythm)

A

reticular formation

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62
Q

part of the forebrain that controls the activities of the lower parts of the brain

A

cerebrum

63
Q

it contains the cortex enabling it to perform higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement

A

cerebrum

64
Q

it controls the qualities of what we consider the “mind” that is personality, intelligence, learning, perception, and emotion

A

cerebrum

65
Q

it connects the brainstem to the cerebrum; has many relay and homeostatic functions

A

diencephalon

66
Q

they are the elevated ridges in the cerebrum

A

gyri (gyrus)

67
Q

they are the shallow grooves in the cerebrum

A

sulci (sulcus)

68
Q

what are the two hemispheres of the cerebrum that gather and process information

A

left hemisphere and right hemisphere

69
Q

what is the most important brain subdivision and why is it important

A

hindbrain; controls the respiratory centers

70
Q

which hemisphere is responsible for speech, language skills, mathematical ability, and reasoning

A

left hemisphere

71
Q

which hemisphere is responsible for spatial, intuitive, musical, and artistic abilities

A

right hemisphere

72
Q

each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body

A

decussation

73
Q

it is a very large fiber tract the connects the cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

74
Q

the cerebral hemispheres work together, interconnected by a thick band of nerve fibers called the __________ __________

A

corpus callosum

75
Q

what are the three parts of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex
limbic system
basal nuclei

76
Q

it is the outer layer of the cerebrum that consists of gray matter that processes information

A

cerebral cortex

77
Q

lobe responsible for the primary motor area that allows the conscious movement of the skeletal muscles

A

frontal lobe

78
Q

lobe where the body’s sensory receptors are localized and interpreted
it allows recognition of pain, coldness, and light touch

A

parietal lobe

79
Q

the auditory and olfactory lobe

A

temporal lobe

80
Q

the visual area lobe

A

occipital lobe

81
Q

part of the diencephalon that is a mass of gray matter located between the midbrain and cerebrum
it also influences mood and movement

A

thalamus

82
Q

this central relay station processes incoming sensory information and sends it to the appropriate part of the cerebrum

A

thalamus

83
Q

small area inferior to the thalamus
it contains nerve tracts and nuclei

A

subthalamus

84
Q

the __________ __________ are associated with the basal ganglia and are involved in controlling motor functions

A

subthalamic nuclei

85
Q

small area superior and posterior to the thalamus
it contains nuclei responding to olfactory stimulation and contains the pineal gland for sleep wake cycle and other biorhythms

A

epithalamus

86
Q

the pineal gland secretes __________ that regulates RAS (sleep-wake cycle)

A

melatonin

87
Q

neural and hormonal signals from the ___________ regulate body temperature, heartbeat, water balance, blood pressure, along with hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual arousal

A

hypothalamus

88
Q

this part of the diencephalon functions for mood, motivation, and emotion
it also interacts with the reticular activating system coordinating the sleep wake cycle

A

hypothalamus

89
Q

it is the major communication link between the brain and the peripheral nervous system to the head
it integrates incoming information and produces responses through the reflex mechanisms

A

spinal cord

90
Q

the spinal cord tapers to form a cone like region called the __________ __________

A

conus medullaris

91
Q

the numerous roots of spinal nerves extending from the conus medullaris resemble a horse’s tail and is called the __________ __________

A

cauda equina

92
Q

the spinal cord __________ __________ consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

A

gray matter

93
Q

the __________ gray horns contain somatic motor nuclei, which are clusters of cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles

A

ventral

94
Q

the __________ gray horns contain cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons

A

dorsal

95
Q

the __________ gray horns contain autonomic motor nuclei, which are clusters of cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

A

lateral

96
Q

the spinal cord __________ __________ consists of myelinated axons, which form nerve tracts

A

white matter

97
Q

the __________ columns carry both ascending information about pain and temperature, and descending motor information

A

ventral

98
Q

the __________ columns carry ascending sensory information from somatic mechanoreceptors

A

dorsal

99
Q

the __________ columns include axons that travel from the cerebral cortex to contact spinal motor neurons
these pathways are also referred to as the cortico-spinal tracts

A

lateral

100
Q

the __________ are layered membranes that jacket the central nervous system

A

meninges

101
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges (from superficial to deep)

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

102
Q

innermost membrane, closely adhering to the surface of the brain and spinal cord; well supplied with blood vessels that carry food and oxygen

A

pia mater

103
Q

middle membrane, made up of fibrous and elastic connective tissues; separated to the pia mater by the cerebrospinal fluid

A

arachnoid mater

104
Q

the interval between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater
it is occupied by delicate connective tissue and the intercommunicating channels containing cerebrospinal fluid

A

subarachnoid space

105
Q

outermost membrane; thick and tough linings

A

dura mater

106
Q

it is a hollow tube or cavity formed by the CNS
the brain and the spinal cord contain fluid filled cavities

A

ventricles

107
Q

the __________ are a communicating network of cavities that produce and is filled with CSF

A

ventricles

108
Q

large cavity in each cerebral hemisphere, 1st and 2nd ventricles

A

lateral ventricles

109
Q

a smaller midline cavity of the diencephalon between two halves of the thalamus

A

third ventricle

110
Q

inferior of the pons and superior of the medulla oblongata at the base of the cerebellum
it is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

A

fourth ventricle

111
Q

it is the build up of fluid in the ventricles deep within the brain
CNS was not drained properly

A

hydrocephalus

112
Q

it is a clear, colorless fluid found in CNS either intracerebrally in the ventricular system of the brain (making up 20%) or extracerebrally in the subarachnoid space (making up 80%)

A

cerebrospinal fluid

113
Q

it bathes and cushions the brain and the spinal cord
this fluid insulates the CNS from injury

A

cerebrospinal fluid

114
Q

it nourishes the brain and removes metabolites as well as regulates intracranial pressure
the total volume of __________ __________ is approximately 150 mL and it is produced at a rate of 450 mL per day

A

cerebrospinal fluid

115
Q

the cerebrospinal fluid replaces itself __________ times a day

A

three times

116
Q

it is a plexus of cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
it consists of modified ependymal cells

A

choroid plexus

117
Q

80-90% of the CSF is produced by __________ __________ within the lateral ventricles, with the remainder produced by similar cells in the third and fourth ventricles

A

ependymal cells

118
Q

the __________ lines the brain’s capillaries and helps protect the brain from harmful chemicals
it consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the endothelial cells of brain blood capillaries and a thick basement membrane that surrounds the capillaries

A

blood-brain barrier

119
Q

it is a beta blocker that lowers heart rate and prevents tremors and migraines

A

propranolol

120
Q

the ___________ consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS

A

peripheral nervous system

121
Q

it includes nerves (cranial and spinal), sensory receptors, ganglion (collection of neuron cell bodies and clusters of gray matter outside the CNS that act as relay stations) and plexus (a branching network of intersecting afferent and efferent nerves outside the CNS innervating the same are of the body for sensory and motor functions)

A

peripheral nervous system

122
Q

it is an enclosed cable like bundles of axon nerve fibers and their sheaths (Schwann cells) in the PNS

A

nerve

123
Q

it connects the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands
it provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses

A

nerve

124
Q

each axon in the PNS within the nerve is an extension of an individual neuron along with other supportive cells such as the __________ that coats the myelin sheat

A

Schwann cells

125
Q

what are the three connective tissue layers of the nerve

A

endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium

126
Q

these nerves emerge directly from the brain an carry impulses to and from the brain

A

cranial nerves

127
Q

these nerves control movements of the eyes, face, neck, and mouth along with the senses of taste and hearing
they have sensory, somatic motor, and autonomic motor functions

A

cranial nerves

128
Q

spinal nerves from C1 to C4 innervating superficial neck structures and muscles, skin of the neck and posterior portion of the head

A

cervical plexus

129
Q

spinal nerves from C5 to T1 supply the skin and muscles of the body’s upper limbs

A

brachial plexus

130
Q

overlapping spinal nerves of the __________ from L1 to L4 and __________ from L4 to S4, supplying the skin and musculature of the lower limb

A

lumbar plexus
sacral plexus

131
Q

from spinal nerve S5 and coccygeal nerve, supplying motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor and sensory innervation of the skin over the coccyx
for bladder and bowel control of muscles, external genitalia sensation

A

coccygeal plexus

132
Q

spinal nerves responsible for head movement and diaphragm movement

A

C1 to C4

133
Q

spinal nerves responsible for neck and shoulder movement

A

C4 to C6

134
Q

spinal nerves responsible for upper limb movement

A

C5 to T2

135
Q

spinal nerves responsible for rib movement in breathing, vertebral column movement, and tone in postural back muscles

A

T1 to T12

136
Q

spinal nerves responsible for hip movement

A

T11 to L3

137
Q

spinal nerves responsible for lower limb movement

A

L2 to S3

138
Q

these nerves are the paths of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body
they carry impulses to and from the spinal cord to the appropriate glands or muscles

A

spinal nerves

139
Q

the __________ of the spinal nerve contains outgoing, efferent fibers that carry information destined to control motor or glandular function

A

ventral root

140
Q

the __________ of the spinal nerve contains incoming, afferent fibers that carry sensory information from the sensory receptors

A

dorsal root

141
Q

a cluster of sensory neuron cell bodies function as a relay station located at the dorsal root of a spinal nerve

A

dorsal root ganglion or spinal ganglion

142
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs

143
Q

enumerate all the spinal nerves

A

cervical nerves - 8 pairs
thoracic nerves - 12 pairs
lumbar nerves - 5 pairs
sacral nerves - 5 pairs
coccygeal nerves - 1 pair

144
Q

the __________ division consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located in various parts of the body

A

sensory or afferent division

145
Q

the __________ division carries impulses from the CNS to the effector organs, the muscles and glands

A

motor or efferent division

146
Q

the __________ allows conscious or voluntary control on skeletal muscles; otherwise known as the voluntary nervous system

A

somatic nervous system

147
Q

the __________ regulates events that are automatic or involuntary, such as the activity of the smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

148
Q

otherwise known as the involuntary nervous system
it is responsible for the control of visceral functions: cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, and response to stress

A

autonomic nervous system

149
Q

what are the two efferent divisions

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

150
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

151
Q

the __________ is activated during stress and emergencies
neurons of the __________ slow digestion and boost blood flow toward vital organs like the heart, brain, and muscles necessary for “fight or flight”

A

sympathetic nervous system

152
Q

the __________ returns body systems to normal; heart rate and respiration slow and digestion resumes for “rest and digest”

A

parasympathetic nervous system

153
Q

what is the largest nerve in the body

A

sciatic nerve

ANAPHYSIO (20 decks)

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