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ANAPHYSIO > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

the raw input from the peripheral nervous system that arrive at the central nervous system

A

sensation

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2
Q

the interpretation of the sensations

A

perception

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3
Q

cells that detect stimuli

A

sensory receptors

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4
Q

sensory receptors that respond to physical stimuli such as sound and touch

A

mechanoreceptors

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5
Q

sensory receptors that respond to temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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6
Q

sensory receptors that detect tissue damage, extreme heat and cold, and chemicals released from damaged cells

A

pain receptors

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7
Q

sensory receptors that respond to light

A

photoreceptors

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8
Q

sensory receptors that detect chemicals

A

chemoreceptors

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9
Q

sensory receptors that detect position of body parts

A

proprioreceptors

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10
Q

the process by which a sensory receptor converts energy from a stimulus into electrical signals (action potentials)

A

transduction

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11
Q

a phenomenon in which sensations become less noticeable with prolonged exposure to the stimulus

A

sensory adaptation

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12
Q

generate fewer action potentials under constant stimulation
the response returns only if the intensity of the stimulus changes

A

sensory receptors

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13
Q

the __________ __________ detect touch, temperature, or pain with any part of the skin and in the internal organs

A

general senses

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14
Q

sense organ: skin
stimulus: pressure vibration
type of receptor: mechanoreceptor

A

touch

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15
Q

sense organ: skin
stimulus: heat, cold
type of receptor: thermoreceptor

A

temperature

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16
Q

sense organ: everywhere except the brain
stimulus: damage to body tissues
type of receptor: pain receptor

A

pain

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17
Q

sense organ: joints, muscles, ligaments
stimulus: stretching of muscles and ligaments
type of receptor: proprioceptor

A

position of body parts

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18
Q

the __________ __________ have specialized structures for vision, olfaction, gustation, hearing, and equilibrium

A

special senses

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19
Q

sense organ: nasal cavity
stimulus: airborne molecules
type of receptor: chemoreceptor

A

smell

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20
Q

sense organ: mouth and tongue
stimulus: dissolved molecules
type of receptor: chemoreceptor

A

taste

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21
Q

sense organ: eyes
stimulus: light
type of receptor: photoreceptor

A

vision

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22
Q

sense organ: ears
stimulus: air pressure waves
type of receptor: mechanoreceptor

A

hearing

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23
Q

sense organ: ears
stimulus: motion of fluid in inner ear
type of receptor: mechanoreceptor

A

equilibrium

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24
Q

elastic movable folds of skin over the eyes, protects the eyes from debris and or trauma

A

eyelids (palpebrae)

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25
Q

hair that grows at the edge of the eyelids for protection and aesthetics

A

eyelashes

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26
Q

hairy area of coarse skin above the eye for aesthetics and enhancement of facial expressions

A

eyebrows

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27
Q

consists of the lacrimal gland and ducts that drain lacrimal secretions into the nasal cavity

A

lacrimal apparatus

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28
Q

produces tears that cleanses, lubricates and protects the eyes

A

lacrimal gland

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29
Q

what is the enzyme in tears that destroys bacteria

A

lysozyme

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30
Q

tears drain to the minute opening called the __________ __________

A

lacrimal punctum

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31
Q

mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers part of the outer surface of the eye

A

conjunctiva

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32
Q

a thin transparent membrane that covers and protects the anterior portion of the white sclera

A

bulbar conjunctiva

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33
Q

coats the insides of the eyelids

A

palpebral conjunctiva

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34
Q

forms the junction between the bulbar and palpebral conjunctivas, loose and flexible, allowing the free movements of the lids and eyeballs

A

fornix conjunctiva

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35
Q

innervated by the cranial nerves controlling the movement of the eyes
the coordinated action of these allow the eyes to move in tandem, ensuring clear vision

A

extra-ocular muscles

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36
Q

what are the three cranial nerves that control eye movement

A

CN III Oculomotor, CN IV Trochlear, and CN VI Abducens

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37
Q

controlled by CN III Oculomotor; elevation, also contributes in abduction and medial rotation of the eyeball (upward)

A

superior rectus

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38
Q

controlled by CN III Oculomotor; depression, also contributes to adduction and lateral rotation of the eyeball (downward)

A

inferior rectus

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39
Q

controlled by CN III Oculomotor; adduction (inward)

A

medial rectus

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40
Q

controlled by CN VI Abducens; abduction (outward)

A

lateral rectus

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41
Q

controlled by CN IV Trochlear; depresses, abducts and medially rotates the eyeball (downward and outward)

A

superior oblique

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42
Q

controlled by CN III Oculomotor; elevates, abducts and laterally rotates the eyeball (upward and outward)

A

inferior oblique

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43
Q

what are the three layers of eye tunics (from superficial to deep)

A

fibrous layer (sclera & cornea)
vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body, & iris)
nervous tunic (retina)

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44
Q

outer layer, superficial coat of the eyeball

A

fibrous layer (tunica fibrosa)

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45
Q

the white coating of the eye, white tough fibrous connective tissue protecting the inner structures of the eye
it helps maintain the shape of the eyeball

A

sclera

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46
Q

the sclera becomes __________ because of hepatitis

A

yellow

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47
Q

a modified part of the sclera toward the front of the eye which is a transparent avascular curved window that bends incoming light rays

A

cornea

48
Q

also known as the Uvea, middle layer of the eyeball

A

vascular tunic (tunica vasculosa)

49
Q

the layer internal to the sclera which is the vascular layer of the eye

A

choroid

50
Q

anterior continuation of the choroid that controls the lens’ thickness using its ciliary muscle
with the coordinated actions of the iris’ muscles, it regulates light passing through the lens to the retina

A

ciliary body

51
Q

the ciliary body secretes a fluid called __________ __________

A

aqueous humor

52
Q

a modified part of the choroid behind the cornea which is the colored part of the eye and regulates the size of the pupil

A

iris

53
Q

the hole in the middle of the iris that regulates light entering the eye

A

pupil

54
Q

layer of the eyeball that transmits nerve impulses

A

nervous tunic (tunica nervosa)

55
Q

a sheet of photoreceptors that forms the innermost layer of the eye

A

retina

56
Q

the optic nerve connects to each __________ to the brain
sensory portion of the eye

A

retina

57
Q

located near the center of the retina lateral to the optic disk
it is slightly darker than the rest of the retina

A

macula

58
Q

it provides the sharpest vision, allowing us to read and recognize faces (central vision)

A

macula

59
Q

slight depression within the macula, contains the heaviest concentration of cones and provides the clearest vision and color perception

A

fovea centralis

60
Q

a well-defined round or oval area within the retina
the ganglion nerve fibers (axons) exit the retina through this area to form the optic nerve

A

optic disk

61
Q

it is a light colored depression within the temporal side of the optic disk where blood vessels enter the retina

A

physiologic cup

62
Q

are photoreceptors which are concentrated around the edges of the retina
these cells provide black and white vision in dim light and enable us to see at night (scotopic or night vision)

A

rod cells

63
Q

are photoreceptors which are concentrated toward the center of the retina
they require more light and they detect color (photopic or day vision)

A

cone cells

64
Q

transparent, flexible tissue located directly behind the iris and the pupil which further bends the incoming light to focus light and images

A

lens

65
Q

fluid found between the cornea and the lens that helps bend light rays and focus them on the retina
this fluid cleanses and nourishes the cornea and the lens and maintains that shape of the eyeball

A

aqueous humor

66
Q

jellylike substance that fills most of the eyeball’s volume

A

vitreous humor

67
Q

it is located right in front of the lens, filled with the aqueous humor, as it flows through the pupil into the anterior chamber, the fluid bathes the lens capsule

A

posterior chamber

68
Q

aqueous fluid is manufactured in the __________ __________ by the ciliary body

A

posterior chamber

69
Q

the amount of aqueous humor in the __________ __________ varies to maintain the pressure in the eye

A

anterior chamber

70
Q

fluid drains from the __________ __________ through collecting channels (trabecular meshwork) into the Schlemm’s canal

A

anterior chamber

71
Q

it is a circular lymphatic-like vessel in the eye that collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and delivers in into the episcleral blood vessels via aqueous veins

A

Schlemm’s canal (scleral venous sinus)

72
Q

the __________ __________ develops during the 1st trimester at the same time as the kidneys and urinary tract
congenital problems may mean a problem in the urinary system

A

outer ear

73
Q

shell shaped projecting structure of the external ear that collects and directs sound waves

A

auricle/earlobe

74
Q

short and narrow sound passageway that leads from the outer to the inner ear

A

auditory canal

75
Q

the ceruminous gland secretes __________

A

cerumen/earwax

76
Q

__________ __________ is important when wearing headphones so that you can hear sounds through bone conduction and airwaves

A

mastoid process

77
Q

lines the wall of the auditory canal and secretes a waxy yellow substance called ear wax

A

ceruminous gland

78
Q

the bony ridge located over the temporal bone and behind the auricle

A

mastoid process

79
Q

are thought to protect the delicate structures of the ear, regulate ear pressure and possible protect the temporal bone during trauma
the air filled spaces are important for sound transmission

A

mastoid air cells

80
Q

is an air filled cavity which includes the tympanic membrane
it is connected by the Eustachian tube to the nasopharynx and is continuous with the air filled cells in the adjacent mastoid bone

A

middle ear

81
Q

a membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves and is the partition between the external auditory canal and the middle ear

A

ear drum/tympanic membrane

82
Q

1 mm wide and 35 mm long canal that connects the ear to the nasopharynx

A

auditory tube/eustachian tube

83
Q

what are the three smallest bones of the body which amplify the sound and transmit the vibratory motion of the eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear

A

ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

84
Q

the first bony ossicle where the eardrum is attached

A

malleus (hammer)

85
Q

attached to the malleus and stapes

A

incus (anvil)

86
Q

attached to the oval window

A

stapes (stirrups)

87
Q

two covered openings at the end of the ossicles
it separates the middle ear from the inner ear

A

windows

88
Q

window where the vibration enters

A

oval window

89
Q

window that is the exit point of vibration

A

round window

90
Q

the portion of the ear responsible for balance, equilibrium and hearing housed in the temporal bone

A

inner ear

91
Q

it houses the organ of hearing as well as the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves

A

inner ear

92
Q

auditory portion of the inner ear filled with fluids which moves in response to the vibrations coming from the middle ear via the oval window stimulating the hair cells

A

cochlea

93
Q

found in the space between the membranous and bony labyrinth (tunnels and chambers)

A

perilymph

94
Q

found in the membraneous labyrinth

A

endolymph

95
Q

sensorineural organ of the cochlea which is composed of hearing receptors called hair cells

A

organ of corti

96
Q

specialized sensory cells that change the vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain through the cochlear nerve

A

hair cells

97
Q

sensory apparatus of the inner ear that responds to changes in the position of the head with respect to gravity to maintain body balance, signals that are sent to the brain through the vestibular nerve

A

vestibule (static equilibrium)

98
Q

sensory apparatus of the inner ear that responds to rotational movements and helping the body maintain postural equilibrium, signals that are sent to the brain through the vestibular nerve

A

semicircular canal (kinetic or dynamic equilibrium)

99
Q

sound travels over the air filled external and middle ear through vibration of the tympanic membrane and ossicles

A

air conduction

100
Q

sound travels directly through bone to the inner ear bypassing the tympanic membrane and ossicles

A

bone conduction

101
Q

__________ __________ is more preferred for cyclists, runners, and swimmers to hear ambient sounds

A

bone conduction

102
Q

body balance is maintained by: (4)

A

muscles/joints (proprioception)
eyes (vision)
ears (vestibular)
cerebellum (cerebellar)

103
Q

a structure projecting from the face for breathing and smelling

A

nose

104
Q

located at the extreme superior region of the nasal cavity that is lined with a specialized epithelium called the olfactory epithelium which contains approximately 10 million olfactory receptor cells

A

olfactory region

105
Q

olfactory receptor neurons that are responsible for the detection of odorants which give rise to the sense of smell

A

olfactory receptor cells

106
Q

long cilia that protrude from olfactory receptors at the nasal epithelium and are continuously bathed by a layer of mucus

A

olfactory hairs

107
Q

the __________ __________ and __________ once stimulated by chemicals dissolved in the mucus will transmit impulses along the olfactory nerve

A

olfactory receptors and hairs

108
Q

a neural structure that transmits smell information from the nose to the brain through the olfactory nerve tract

A

olfactory bulb

108
Q

what is the medical term for booger

A

dried nasal mucus

109
Q

a muscular organ in the mouth that manipulates food mastication and is used in the act of swallowing

A

tongue

110
Q

it has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system

A

tongue

111
Q

are small peglike projections on the dorsal tongue surface that houses the taste buds

A

papillae

112
Q

contain the chemoreceptors that detect the flavor of food

A

taste buds

113
Q

the receptor cells that make up a taste bud synapse on sensory neurons, which convey the information to the brain

A

taste buds

114
Q

are the specific epithelial receptor cells in the taste buds that respond to chemicals dissolved in the saliva

A

gustatory cells

115
Q

long microvilli protrusions of gustatory cells that transmit impulses to the brain

A

gustatory hairs

ANAPHYSIO (20 decks)

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