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ANAPHYSIO > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

it transports and circulates materials throughout the body and has extensive connection with organ systems that exchange materials with the environment, linking the various tissues of the body

A

cardiovascular or circulatory system

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2
Q

pumps blood through a network of blood vessels extending throughout the body

A

heart

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3
Q

tubular structures carrying blood to the tissues and organs

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

delivers necessary substances and picks up waste products at the body tissues

A

blood

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5
Q

it is a pump that keeps the blood moving through the blood vessels

A

heart

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6
Q

the heart is located in the __________, a midline portion of the thoracic cavity that also contains the trachea, the esophagus, the thymus, and associated structures

A

mediastinum

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7
Q

the adult heart is shaped like a __________ __________ and is approximately the size of a closed fist, with an average mass of 250 grams in females and 300 grams in males

A

blunt cone

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8
Q

blunt rounded point, directed to the left with with approximately 2/3 of the heart’s mass lies to the left of the midline of the sternum

A

apex

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9
Q

the apex is located deep to the __________ __________ __________, approximately 7-9 cm to the left of the sternum and medial to the midclavicular line

A

fifth intercostal space

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10
Q

larger flat part at the opposite end of the apex, located deep to the sternum and extends to the second intercostal space

A

base

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11
Q

the base is located deep to the sternum and extends to the __________ __________ ___________

A

second intercostal space

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12
Q

contraction of the heart __________ __________ ________, which is responsible for moving blood through the blood vessels

functions

A

generating blood pressure

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13
Q

the heart separate the pulmonary and systemic circulations and ensure better oxygenation of the blood flowing to the tissues

functions

A

routing blood

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14
Q

the valves of the heart ensure a one way blood flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels

functions

A

ensuring one way blood flow

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15
Q

the rate and force of heart contractions change to meet the metabolic needs of the tissues, which vary depending on such conditions as rest, exercise, and changes in body position

functions

A

regulating blood supply

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16
Q

a double sac membrane that encloses the heart for protection

A

pericardium or pericardial sac

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17
Q

this outer layer is a tough fibrous connective tissue layer that prevents over distention of the heart and anchors it within the mediastinum

A

fibrous pericardium

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18
Q

the inner layer of simple squamous epithelium

A

serous pericardium

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19
Q

the two parts of the serous pericardium

A
  • parietal pericardium
  • visceral pericardium
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20
Q

the part that lines the fibrous pericardium

A

parietal pericardium

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21
Q

also called as the epicardium, the part covering the heart surface

A

visceral pericardium

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22
Q

the space between the visceral and parietal pericardia filled with serous pericardial fluid, helping reduce friction as the heart moves within the sac

A

pericardial cavity

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23
Q

swelling of pericardium

A

pericarditis

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24
Q

heart walls (from superficial to deep)

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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25
Q

the visceral pericardium, it is the superficial layers of thin serous membrane that constitutes the smooth outer surface of the heart

A

epicardium

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26
Q

thick middle layer of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the heart’s ability to contract

A

myocardium

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27
Q

the smooth inner surface of the heart chambers, consists of simple squamous epithelium allowing blood to move easily through the heart and is also covers the surfaces of the heart valves

A

endocardium

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28
Q

inflammation of the heart muscles

A

myocarditis

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29
Q

a life-threatening inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves
caused by infection

A

endocarditis

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30
Q

the __________ are 2 upper chambers in the heart
they are the primer pumps that send blood to the ventricles

A

atria

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31
Q

receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps blood to the right ventricle

A

right atrium

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32
Q

receives oxygenated blood from the lings and pumps blood to the left ventricle

A

left atrium

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33
Q

wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria from each other

A

interatrial septum

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34
Q

they are 2 lower chambers in the heart
they pump the blood to the lungs or the rest of the body

A

ventricles

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35
Q

receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange

A

right ventricle

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36
Q

receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps blood to the body

A

left ventricle

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37
Q

a thick muscular wall that separates the left and right ventricles

A

interventricular septum

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38
Q

located between the atria and the ventricles
these keep the blood from moving back into an atrium when a ventricle contracts

A

atrioventricular valves

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39
Q

located between the right atrium and right ventricle which prevents back flow of blood into the right atrium

A

tricuspid valve

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40
Q

located between the left atrium and ventricles which prevents back flow of blood into the left atrium

A

bicuspid / mitral valve

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41
Q

heart strings, strong connective tissue attaching the papillary muscles (cone shaped muscular pillars) of the ventricles to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves

A

chordae tendineae

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42
Q

located between the ventricles and the major blood vessels leaving the heart
these prevent back flow in the ventricles from the arteries leaving the heart

A

semilunar valves

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43
Q

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery which prevents back flow of blood into the right ventricle

A

pulmonic valve

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44
Q

located between the left ventricle and the aorta which prevents back flow of blood into the left ventricle

A

aortic valve

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45
Q

known as the natural pacemaker of the heart
this region of specialized cardiac muscle cells sets the tempo of the beat with electrical signals

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

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46
Q

each time the cells of the pacemaker fire, they stimulate the cardiac cells of the __________ to contract

A

atria

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47
Q

a cluster of cells situated in the center of the heart between the atria and ventricles that receives the electrical signals from the SA node

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

48
Q

the __________ __________ then sends the electrical stimulation to the ventricle walls for ventricular contraction

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

49
Q

the conducting bundle of the heart rising from the atrioventricular node
this bundle passes through a small opening in the fibrous skeleton to reach the interventricular septum, where it divides to form the right and left bundle branches

A

bundle of His / the atrioventricular bundle

50
Q

the inferior terminal branches of the bundle and are large diameter cardiac muscle fibers
they have fewer myofibrils than most cardiac cells and do not contract forcefully

A

purkinjie fibers

51
Q

the heart is __________ because it stimulates itself to contract at regular intervals

A

autorhythmic

52
Q

it records the electrical signals of the heart

A

electrocardiogram

53
Q

a type of arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat, that affects your heart’s ventricles
defibrillation can restore your heart to its normal rhythm

A

ventricular fibrillation

54
Q

a single beat of the heart that consists of the events that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle

A

cardiac cycle

55
Q

it refers to the repetitive pumping process that begins with the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the next contraction

A

cardiac cycle

56
Q

__________ means to contract
__________ means to dilate

A

systole
diastole

57
Q

events in the cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole
ventricular systole
ventricular diastole

58
Q

the atria contract, increasing atrial pressure and completing ventricular filling while the ventricles are relaxed and remain in diastole

A

active ventricular filling

59
Q

ventricular contraction begins with the initial rise in intraventricular pressure closes the AV valves, preventing backflow of blood into the atria
the semilunar valves were closed in the previous ventricular diastole and remain closed during this period
atrial diastole begins, allowing atrial filling

A

period of isovolumetric contraction

60
Q

continued ventricular contraction causes a greater increase in ventricular pressure, which pushed the blood out of the ventricles causing the semilunar valves to open
the atria remains in diastole, still relaxed and fills with blood

A

period of ejection

61
Q

the ventricles begin to relax in diastole, blood flowing back from the aorta and pulmonary trunk toward the relaxing ventricles causes the semilunar valves to close
the AV valves remain closed

A

period of isovolumetric relaxation

62
Q

ventricular relaxation continue, the AV valves open, and blood passively flow from the atria into the relaxing ventricles
the semilunar valves are closed

A

passive ventricular filling

63
Q

low pitched sound “lubb” occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole and is caused by the vibration of the atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid as the valves close

A

first heart sound

64
Q

higher pitched sound “dupp” occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole and results from closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves

A

second heart sound

65
Q

the cardiovascular system comprises of the heart and two sets of blood vessels:

A

pulmonary vessels and systemic vessels

66
Q

transport blood from the right ventricle, through the lungs, and back to the left atrium

A

pulmonary vessels

67
Q

transport blood through all parts of the body from the left ventricle back to the right atrium
whereas the heart provides the major force that causes blood to circulate

A

systemic vessels

68
Q

blood vessels carry blood from the heart to almost all the body tissues and back to the heart

functions

A

carries blood

69
Q

nutrients and oxygen diffuse from blood vessels to cells in all areas of the body
waste products and carbon dioxide diffuse from the cells, where they are produced, to blood vessels

functions

A

exchanges nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues

70
Q

hormones, components of the immune system, molecules required for coagulation, enzymes, nutrients, gases, waste products, and other substances are transported in the blood to all areas of the body

functions

A

transport substances

71
Q

the circulatory system and the heart work together to maintain blood pressure within a normal range of values

functions

A

helps regulate blood pressure

72
Q

the circulatory system directs blood to tissues when increased blood flow is required to maintain homeostasis

functions

A

directs blood flow to tissues

73
Q

innermost layer which consists of endothelium, a delicate connective tissue, and a fenestrated layer of elastic fibers

A

tunics intima

74
Q

middle layer which consists of smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel

A

tunica media

75
Q

the amount of blood flowing through a blood vessel can be regulated by contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscle in the __________ __________

A

tunica media

76
Q

outermost layer which is composed of connective tissue, which varies from dense connective tissue near the tunica media to loose connective tissue that merges with the connective tissue surrounding the blood vessels

A

tunica externa / tunica adventitia

77
Q

the narrowing of blood vessels that occurs when smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls contract

A

vasoconstriction

78
Q

the widening of blood vessels when the smooth muscles of the blood vessels relax

A

vasodilation

79
Q

are large vessels that conduct oxygenated blood away from the heart

A

arteries

80
Q

are smaller vessels that branch out from the arteries and carries oxygenated blood to the capillaries

A

arterioles

81
Q

delivers oxygenated blood to head and neck

A

common carotid artery

82
Q

carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, largest artery in the body

A

aorta

83
Q

delivers oxygenated blood to lower extremities, digestive tract, and pelvic organs

A

abdominal aorta

84
Q

supply oxygenated blood to various structures between the aortic arch and the diaphragm

A

thoracic aorta

85
Q

carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary arteries

86
Q

deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscles

A

coronary arteries

87
Q

delivers oxygenated blood to the arm

A

brachial artery, axillary artery, subclavian artery

88
Q

delivers oxygenated blood to the kidney

A

renal artery

89
Q

delivers oxygenated blood to thigh and inner knee

A

femoral artery

90
Q

large vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
have diameters greater than 2 mm contain valves

A

veins

91
Q

smallest vessels collecting deoxygenated blood from the capillaries

A

venules

92
Q

receives deoxygenated blood draining from head and neck

A

jugular vein

93
Q

carries deoxygenated blood to the heart, largest veins in the body

A

vena cava

94
Q

receives deoxygenated blood from all areas above the diaphragm

A

superior vena cava

95
Q

receives deoxygenated blood from all regions below the diaphragm

A

inferior vena cava

96
Q

delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

A

pulmonary veins

97
Q

carry deoxygenated blood from the heart mucles

A

cardiac veins

98
Q

carry deoxygenated blood from the upper limbs

A

brachial vein, axillary vein, subclavian vein

99
Q

carries deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

100
Q

receives deoxygenated blood from thigh and inner knee

A

femoral vein

101
Q

the tiniest blood vessels where the arterioles diverge

A

capillaries

102
Q

water and dissolved substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide and glucose diffuse between each capillary and the interstitial fluid

A

capillary

103
Q

fluid that surrounds the body’s cells
this fluid exchanges materials with the tissue cells

A

interstitial fluid

104
Q

carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and return it to the heart

A

pulmonary circulation

105
Q

it is the system of blood vessels that carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart

A

pulmonary circulation

106
Q

the heart pumps blood from the right ventricle into a short vessel called the ___________ __________
it then branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries, one transporting blood to each lung

A

pulmonary trunk

107
Q

a pressure wave that travels rapidly along the arteries as blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta

A

pulse

108
Q

what is the clinical importance of the pulse

A

determine the heart rate and rhythm

109
Q

blood flows in long, smooth walled tubes as if it were composed of large number of concentric layers

A

laminar flow

110
Q

is caused by numerous small currents flowing cross or obliquely to the long axis of the vessel, resulting in flowing whorls and eddy currents

A

turbulent flow

111
Q

is a measure of a liquid’s resistant to flow

A

viscosity

112
Q

as the viscosity of liquid increases, the pressure required to force it to flow also __________

A

increases

113
Q

it is the tendency for blood vessel volume to increase as blood pressure increases
the more easily the vessel wall stretches, the greater is its compliance

A

vascular compliance

114
Q

it is a measure of the force of blood exerts against blood vessel walls

A

blood pressure (BP)

115
Q

pressure in your arteries when your heart beats

A

systolic

116
Q

pressure in your arteries when your heart rest between beats

A

diastolic

ANAPHYSIO (20 decks)

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