Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAPHYSIO > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

it is a continuous network of tubules that functions in exchanging gases by acquiring oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the blood
oxygen is breathed in and carbon dioxide is expelled

A

respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the act of breathing or exchange of gases by diffusion across plasma membranes

A

respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

referred to as the breathing process or the physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory passages and the lungs

A

ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the movement of gases between atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood

A

pulmonary respiration or external respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the movement of gases between the blood and the body’s cells

A

systemic respiration or internal respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sense of smell is activated when breathing moves air to the odor receptor cells in the nose

A

olfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

movement of air across the vocal cords in the larynx produces sound and makes speech possible

A

sound production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

breathing volume and rate determine the concentration of carbon dioxide in blood, which affects blood pH

A

regulation of blood pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the lungs produce an enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is an important component of blood pressure regulation

A

production of chemical mediators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the respiratory system provides __________ against some microorganisms by preventing them from entering the body and removing them from respiratory surfaces

A

protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

these are structures from the nose to the smaller air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation

A

conducting zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

these are structures solely within the lungs and includes some specialized small air tubes and the alveoli
gas exchange occurs within this zone

A

respiratory zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the entire __________ __________ __________ is lined with epithelium that secretes mucus
dust and other inhaled particles trapped in the mucus are swept out by waving cilia
coughing brings the mucus up

A

upper respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

forms the external entrance to the nasal cavity, function in breathing, immunity, and the sense of smell

A

nose / nasus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the anterior external openings
stiff hairs at the entrance keep dust and other large particles out

A

nares / nostrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

open chamber inside the nose and adjusts the temperature and humidity by warming the incoming air to ensure that the respiratory surface of the lungs remain moist
it is also a resonating chamber for speech

A

nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

a wall of tissue that divides the nasal cavity into left and right halves

A

nasal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

a region in the anterior part of the nasal cavity which is lined with mucous membrane consisting of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

A

vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

___________ is secreted by the goblet cells to catch airborne bacteria and dust particles

A

mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the ___________ on the surface of the mucous membrane sweep the mucus posteriorly to the pharynx, where it is swallowed and eliminated by the acidic secretions of the stomach

A

cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

three lateral bony ridges on each side of the nasal cavity, helping the air churn through the nasal cavity

A

concha / turbinates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the common opening of both digestive and the respiratory systems
also known as the throat

A

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

receives air from the nasal cavity and receives air, food, and drink from the oral cavity
it is connected to the respiratory system at the larynx and to the digestive system at the esophagus

A

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the three portions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the most superior portion of the pharynx and is a continuation of the nasal cavity

A

nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

it is continuous with the middle ear through the auditory tubes
it houses the pharyngeal tonsil which helps defend the body against infection

A

nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

air, food, and drink pass through here
the palatine and lingual tonsils are located near this area
the middle portion of the pharynx and a continuation of the nasopharynx

A

oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

it is a continuation of the oropharynx
it spans the posterior length of the larynx, from the most superior larynx structure, the epiglottis, to the esophagus

A

laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

food and drink pass through here to the esophagus while most air passes from here into the larynx

A

laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

it occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat, such as your tongue and soft palate, temporarily relax
when these muscles relax, your airway is narrowed or closed, and breathing is momentarily cut off

A

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the first-line treatment for OSA in adults is __________ __________ __________ __________ therapy
these machines work by delivering pressurized air through a hose and mask into the airway during sleep
these steady flow of air keeps the airway open, improving respiration and sleep quality

A

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

located in front of the laryngopharynx and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea

A

larynx / voice box

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

it directs chewed food toward the esophagus and away from the respiratory system
its rigid structure helps keep the airway constantly open, or patent
it is formed by nine rigid cartilage with the largest which is a shield shaped thyroid cartilage

A

larynx / voice box

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

these are two elastic bands of tissue stretched over the larynx and vibrate as air from the lungs passes through
vibrations of these produce the sounds of speech

A

vocal cords / vocal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

a slit-like opening between the vocal cords allowing the passage of air

A

glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

a cartilage flap that covers the glottis during swallowing to allow entry of food into the esophagus and not the lungs
it helps protect the lower respiratory tract from foreign materials

A

epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

consists of the trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs

A

tracheobronchial tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the trachea divides to form a ____________, each of which divides to form smaller and smaller ___________

A

left and right main bronchus
bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the smaller bronchi continue getting smaller until they terminate in microscopic ___________ and ___________

A

tubes and sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the walls of the air passageway are supported by cartilage and smooth muscle as well as lined with ciliated epithelium which functions as a ______________ ___________, trapping debris from the air and moving it to the larynx

A

mucus-cilia escalator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

it is an air-cleaning tube just beneath the larynx and allows air to flow into the lungs
it is lined by a mucous membrane with goblet cells that produce mucus

A

trachea / wind pipe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

15 to 20 C-shaped of hyaline cartilage that reinforces the trachea

A

tracheal rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

these support the trachea and prevent it from collapsing
the cartilages support the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea to protect it while maintaining a patent passageway for air

A

tracheal rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

two passageways of air branching out from that trachea and lead to each lung
they branch repeatedly, each branch decreasing in diameter and wall thickness

A

bronchi / main bronchi / primary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

a ridge of cartilage located where the trachea divides into two main bronchi
it has a mucous membrane sensitive to mechanical stimulation
if foreign matter is inspired to the level of it, it stimulates a powerful cough reflex

A

carina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

arise directly from the main bronchi
in the left lung, there are two of these
in the right lung, there are three of these
each of these supplies its own section of lung lobe

A

lobar bronchi / secondary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

supply subdivisions within each lung lobe, which are called bronchopulmonary segments
as the bronchi become smaller, the cartilage becomes sparse, and smooth muscle becomes abundant

A

segmental bronchi / tertiary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

often an emergency procedure that’s performed on people who are unconscious or who can’t breathe on their own
it maintains an open airway and helps prevent suffocation

A

endotracheal intubation (EI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

it is a device that supports or takes over the breathing process, pumping air into the lungs
people who stay in intensive care unit (ICU) may need support from this

A

ventilator

50
Q

a surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the front of the neck and a breathing tube is placed into the trachea

A

tracheotomy

51
Q

it connects the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

A

cricothyroid ligament

52
Q

a procedure that involves placing a tube through an incision in the cricothyroid membrane (CTM) to establish an airway for oxygenation and ventilation

A

cricothyroidotomy

53
Q

a hole that surgeons make through the front of the neck and into the trachea

A

tracheostomy

54
Q

it is a tube constructed of polyvinyl chloride that is placed between the vocal cords through the trachea
it serves to provide oxygen and inhaled gases to the lungs and protects the lungs from contamination, such as gastric contents or blood

A

endotracheal tube

55
Q

the optimal placement for the endotracheal tube is __________ above the carina in adults

A

2-3 cm

56
Q

how do we know if the ETT is in the correct position?

A

use and end-tidal carbon dioxide detector (i.e., continuous waveform capnography, colorimetric and non-waveform capnography) to evaluate and confirm endotracheal tube position in patients who have adequate tissue perfusion

57
Q

they result from continued branching of the segmental bronchi
they have less cartilage, but their walls contain more smooth muscle and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

A

bronchioles / “little bronchi”

58
Q

arise from several subdivisions of bronchioles
they have no cartilage in their walls, but the smooth muscle later is prominent

A

terminal bronchioles

59
Q

narrowest airway arising from the terminal bronchioles and are attached to the alveoli
as they divide to form smaller ____________ ___________, the number of attached alveoli increases

A

respiratory bronchioles

60
Q

occurs when the smooth muscle relaxes, making the diameter larger

A

bronchodilation

61
Q

occurs when the smooth muscle contracts, making the bronchiole diameter smaller

A

bronchoconstriction

62
Q

sympathetic nervous system is responsible for ______________ mediated through its beta-receptors

A

bronchodilation

63
Q

stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes ______________

A

bronchoconstriction

64
Q

a grape-like cluster where gas exchange takes place and is the site of pulmonary respiration

A

alveoli

65
Q

arise from the respiratory bronchioles where the alveoli are attached

A

alveolar ducts

66
Q

chamber that connects and houses two or more alveoli at the end of the alveolar duct

A

alveolar sacs

67
Q

each ____________ is a tiny sac with a wall of epithelial tissue that is one cell layer thick
a vast network of capillaries surrounds each cluster of __________
oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through thin walls of these and the neighboring capillaries

A

alveolus / alveoli

68
Q

they are the primary organs of the respiratory system that houses the alveoli
they occupy the thoracic cavity

A

lungs

69
Q

portion of the lungs in contact with the diaphragm

A

base

70
Q

portion of the lungs that extends above the clavicle

A

apex

71
Q

it is an indentation on the medial surface of the lungs
it is where structures, such as the main bronchus, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, enter or exit the lungs

A

hilum

72
Q

a medial indentation in the left lung that provides room from the heart to lie between the lungs

A

cardiac notch

73
Q

sections or divisions of the lung

A

lobe

74
Q

the right lung has __________ lobes
while the left lung has __________ lobes

A

three
two

75
Q

a pair of membranes lining the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs

A

pleura

76
Q

the pleural membranes produce ___________ __________ which allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing movements and causes the 2 pleural layers to cling together

A

pleural fluid

77
Q

a central region in the thoracic cavity that separates two pleural cavities containing each lung
it houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, and other structures, such as blood vessels and the thymus

A

mediastinum

78
Q

the serous membrane that covers the inner thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the mediastinum

A

parietal pleura

79
Q

covers the surface of the lung

A

visceral pleura

80
Q

movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without energy requirements

A

simple diffusion

81
Q

it is the process used for gas exchange in the alveoli and at the body’s tissues

A

simple diffusion

82
Q

this exchange takes place during external respiration or pulmonary respiration
inhaled oxygen diffuses down from the alveoli into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air in the lungs for exhalation
the heart then pumps the freshly oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

A

lung gas exchange

83
Q

this exchange takes place during internal respiration or systemic respiration
blood coming from the lungs brings oxygen and diffuses into the body tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues back to the blood
the deoxygenated blood is then transported back to the lungs

A

tissue gas exchange

84
Q

the movement of air into and out of the lungs involve the __________ and __________

A

muscles of respiration and air pressure gradients

85
Q

the function of the muscles for respiration is to change the __________ of the thoracic cavity, which allows for air to flow

A

volume

86
Q

air flows from areas of __________ to areas of __________

A

high pressure
low pressure

87
Q

when air moves into the lungs
the contraction of muscles in diaphragm and rib cage expands chest cavity, lowering pressure in the lungs and draws in air

A

inhalation / inspiration

88
Q

when air flows out of the lungs
the relaxation of muscles in diaphragm and rib cage allows the lungs to recoil, making the pressure inside high and expels air

A

exhalation / expiration

89
Q

it is the normal volume of air inspired and expired with each breath

A

tidal volume

90
Q

at rest, quiet breathing results in a tidal volume of approximately _____________

A

500 mL

91
Q

it is the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration, approximately 3000 mL at rest

A

inspiratory reserve volume

92
Q

it is the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration, approximately 1100 mL at rest

A

expiratory reserve volume

93
Q

it is the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration, approximately 1200 mL

A

residual volume

94
Q

it is the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume
it is the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration, approximately 3500 mL at rest

A

inspiratory capacity

95
Q

it is the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume
it is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration, approximately 2300 mL at rest

A

functional residual capacity

96
Q

it is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, the tidal volume, and the expiratory reserve volume
it is the maximum volume of air a person can expel from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration, approximately 4600 mL

A

vital capacity

97
Q

it is the sum of the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus the tidal volume and the residual volume, approximately 5800 mL

A

total lung capacity

98
Q

the neural centers that control respiratory rhythm and depth are located in the ___________ and the pons
it controls the respiratory rate

A

medulla oblongata

99
Q

a collection of neurons in the __________ helps regulate respiration rate

A

pons

100
Q

the activity of the respiratory muscles and the diaphragm is regulated by nerve impulses transmitted to them from the brain by the __________ and __________ nerves

A

phrenic and intercostal nerves

101
Q

the control of breathing illustrates negative feedback
it relies on the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood
the body is particularly sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide levels and blood pH

A

local control

102
Q

extremely slow or shallow breathing resulting in hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis

A

hypoventilation

103
Q

too high blood carbon dioxide

A

hypercapnia

104
Q

high concentration of carbon dioxide results in a decrease in blood pH
the medulla oblongata is the triggered to stimulate _____________

A

hyperventilation (increase in breathing rate)

105
Q

excessive rate and depth of breathing resulting in hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation

106
Q

too low blood carbon dioxide

A

hypocapnia

107
Q

low concentration of carbon dioxide increases the blood pH
in the medulla oblongata of the brain, the neurons that trigger inhalation are inhibited and ________________________

A

slows down breathing (hypoventilation)

108
Q

occurs when acid builds up or when bicarbonate (a base) is lost
develops when there is too much carbon dioxide (an acid) in the body

A

acidosis

109
Q

a condition in which the body fluids have excess base (alkali)
occurs when high levels of carbon dioxide disrupt the blood’s acid-base balance

A

alkalosis

110
Q

measures the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood as well your blood’s pH balance

A

arterial blood gas (ABG) test

111
Q

blood draw points for ABG analysis

A

brachial artery
radial artery
ulnar artery
femoral artery

112
Q

pH is low
bicarb is low

A

metabolic acidosis

113
Q

pH is high
bicarb is high

A

metabolic alkalosis

114
Q

pH is low
CO2 is high

A

respiratory acidosis

115
Q

pH is high
CO2 is low

A

respiratory alkalosis

116
Q

normal pH on ABG

A

7.35 - 7.45

117
Q

normal pCO2 on ABG

A

35 mmHg - 45 mmHg

118
Q

normal pO2 on ABG

A

75 mmHg - 100 mmHg

119
Q

normal HCO3 on ABG

A

22 mEq/L - 26 mEq/L

120
Q

normal O2 Sat on ABG

A

greater than 95%

121
Q

difference between fenestrated and defenestrated tracheostomy tube

A

a fenestrated tube has an opening in the side of the shaft, while a non-fenestrated does not

ANAPHYSIO (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions