Respiratory System Flashcards
it is a continuous network of tubules that functions in exchanging gases by acquiring oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the blood
oxygen is breathed in and carbon dioxide is expelled
respiratory system
the act of breathing or exchange of gases by diffusion across plasma membranes
respiration
referred to as the breathing process or the physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory passages and the lungs
ventilation
the movement of gases between atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood
pulmonary respiration or external respiration
the movement of gases between the blood and the body’s cells
systemic respiration or internal respiration
sense of smell is activated when breathing moves air to the odor receptor cells in the nose
olfaction
movement of air across the vocal cords in the larynx produces sound and makes speech possible
sound production
breathing volume and rate determine the concentration of carbon dioxide in blood, which affects blood pH
regulation of blood pH
the lungs produce an enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is an important component of blood pressure regulation
production of chemical mediators
the respiratory system provides __________ against some microorganisms by preventing them from entering the body and removing them from respiratory surfaces
protection
these are structures from the nose to the smaller air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation
conducting zone
these are structures solely within the lungs and includes some specialized small air tubes and the alveoli
gas exchange occurs within this zone
respiratory zone
the entire __________ __________ __________ is lined with epithelium that secretes mucus
dust and other inhaled particles trapped in the mucus are swept out by waving cilia
coughing brings the mucus up
upper respiratory tract
forms the external entrance to the nasal cavity, function in breathing, immunity, and the sense of smell
nose / nasus
the anterior external openings
stiff hairs at the entrance keep dust and other large particles out
nares / nostrils
open chamber inside the nose and adjusts the temperature and humidity by warming the incoming air to ensure that the respiratory surface of the lungs remain moist
it is also a resonating chamber for speech
nasal cavity
a wall of tissue that divides the nasal cavity into left and right halves
nasal septum
a region in the anterior part of the nasal cavity which is lined with mucous membrane consisting of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
vestibule
___________ is secreted by the goblet cells to catch airborne bacteria and dust particles
mucus
the ___________ on the surface of the mucous membrane sweep the mucus posteriorly to the pharynx, where it is swallowed and eliminated by the acidic secretions of the stomach
cilia
three lateral bony ridges on each side of the nasal cavity, helping the air churn through the nasal cavity
concha / turbinates
the common opening of both digestive and the respiratory systems
also known as the throat
pharynx
receives air from the nasal cavity and receives air, food, and drink from the oral cavity
it is connected to the respiratory system at the larynx and to the digestive system at the esophagus
pharynx
the three portions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
the most superior portion of the pharynx and is a continuation of the nasal cavity
nasopharynx
it is continuous with the middle ear through the auditory tubes
it houses the pharyngeal tonsil which helps defend the body against infection
nasopharynx
air, food, and drink pass through here
the palatine and lingual tonsils are located near this area
the middle portion of the pharynx and a continuation of the nasopharynx
oropharynx
it is a continuation of the oropharynx
it spans the posterior length of the larynx, from the most superior larynx structure, the epiglottis, to the esophagus
laryngopharynx
food and drink pass through here to the esophagus while most air passes from here into the larynx
laryngopharynx
it occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat, such as your tongue and soft palate, temporarily relax
when these muscles relax, your airway is narrowed or closed, and breathing is momentarily cut off
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
the first-line treatment for OSA in adults is __________ __________ __________ __________ therapy
these machines work by delivering pressurized air through a hose and mask into the airway during sleep
these steady flow of air keeps the airway open, improving respiration and sleep quality
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
located in front of the laryngopharynx and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea
larynx / voice box
it directs chewed food toward the esophagus and away from the respiratory system
its rigid structure helps keep the airway constantly open, or patent
it is formed by nine rigid cartilage with the largest which is a shield shaped thyroid cartilage
larynx / voice box
these are two elastic bands of tissue stretched over the larynx and vibrate as air from the lungs passes through
vibrations of these produce the sounds of speech
vocal cords / vocal folds
a slit-like opening between the vocal cords allowing the passage of air
glottis
a cartilage flap that covers the glottis during swallowing to allow entry of food into the esophagus and not the lungs
it helps protect the lower respiratory tract from foreign materials
epiglottis
consists of the trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs
tracheobronchial tree
the trachea divides to form a ____________, each of which divides to form smaller and smaller ___________
left and right main bronchus
bronchi
the smaller bronchi continue getting smaller until they terminate in microscopic ___________ and ___________
tubes and sacs
the walls of the air passageway are supported by cartilage and smooth muscle as well as lined with ciliated epithelium which functions as a ______________ ___________, trapping debris from the air and moving it to the larynx
mucus-cilia escalator
it is an air-cleaning tube just beneath the larynx and allows air to flow into the lungs
it is lined by a mucous membrane with goblet cells that produce mucus
trachea / wind pipe
15 to 20 C-shaped of hyaline cartilage that reinforces the trachea
tracheal rings
these support the trachea and prevent it from collapsing
the cartilages support the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea to protect it while maintaining a patent passageway for air
tracheal rings
two passageways of air branching out from that trachea and lead to each lung
they branch repeatedly, each branch decreasing in diameter and wall thickness
bronchi / main bronchi / primary bronchi
a ridge of cartilage located where the trachea divides into two main bronchi
it has a mucous membrane sensitive to mechanical stimulation
if foreign matter is inspired to the level of it, it stimulates a powerful cough reflex
carina
arise directly from the main bronchi
in the left lung, there are two of these
in the right lung, there are three of these
each of these supplies its own section of lung lobe
lobar bronchi / secondary bronchi
supply subdivisions within each lung lobe, which are called bronchopulmonary segments
as the bronchi become smaller, the cartilage becomes sparse, and smooth muscle becomes abundant
segmental bronchi / tertiary bronchi
often an emergency procedure that’s performed on people who are unconscious or who can’t breathe on their own
it maintains an open airway and helps prevent suffocation
endotracheal intubation (EI)
it is a device that supports or takes over the breathing process, pumping air into the lungs
people who stay in intensive care unit (ICU) may need support from this
ventilator
a surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the front of the neck and a breathing tube is placed into the trachea
tracheotomy
it connects the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
cricothyroid ligament
a procedure that involves placing a tube through an incision in the cricothyroid membrane (CTM) to establish an airway for oxygenation and ventilation
cricothyroidotomy
a hole that surgeons make through the front of the neck and into the trachea
tracheostomy
it is a tube constructed of polyvinyl chloride that is placed between the vocal cords through the trachea
it serves to provide oxygen and inhaled gases to the lungs and protects the lungs from contamination, such as gastric contents or blood
endotracheal tube
the optimal placement for the endotracheal tube is __________ above the carina in adults
2-3 cm
how do we know if the ETT is in the correct position?
use and end-tidal carbon dioxide detector (i.e., continuous waveform capnography, colorimetric and non-waveform capnography) to evaluate and confirm endotracheal tube position in patients who have adequate tissue perfusion
they result from continued branching of the segmental bronchi
they have less cartilage, but their walls contain more smooth muscle and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system
bronchioles / “little bronchi”
arise from several subdivisions of bronchioles
they have no cartilage in their walls, but the smooth muscle later is prominent
terminal bronchioles
narrowest airway arising from the terminal bronchioles and are attached to the alveoli
as they divide to form smaller ____________ ___________, the number of attached alveoli increases
respiratory bronchioles
occurs when the smooth muscle relaxes, making the diameter larger
bronchodilation
occurs when the smooth muscle contracts, making the bronchiole diameter smaller
bronchoconstriction
sympathetic nervous system is responsible for ______________ mediated through its beta-receptors
bronchodilation
stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes ______________
bronchoconstriction
a grape-like cluster where gas exchange takes place and is the site of pulmonary respiration
alveoli
arise from the respiratory bronchioles where the alveoli are attached
alveolar ducts
chamber that connects and houses two or more alveoli at the end of the alveolar duct
alveolar sacs
each ____________ is a tiny sac with a wall of epithelial tissue that is one cell layer thick
a vast network of capillaries surrounds each cluster of __________
oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through thin walls of these and the neighboring capillaries
alveolus / alveoli
they are the primary organs of the respiratory system that houses the alveoli
they occupy the thoracic cavity
lungs
portion of the lungs in contact with the diaphragm
base
portion of the lungs that extends above the clavicle
apex
it is an indentation on the medial surface of the lungs
it is where structures, such as the main bronchus, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, enter or exit the lungs
hilum
a medial indentation in the left lung that provides room from the heart to lie between the lungs
cardiac notch
sections or divisions of the lung
lobe
the right lung has __________ lobes
while the left lung has __________ lobes
three
two
a pair of membranes lining the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs
pleura
the pleural membranes produce ___________ __________ which allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing movements and causes the 2 pleural layers to cling together
pleural fluid
a central region in the thoracic cavity that separates two pleural cavities containing each lung
it houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, and other structures, such as blood vessels and the thymus
mediastinum
the serous membrane that covers the inner thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the mediastinum
parietal pleura
covers the surface of the lung
visceral pleura
movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without energy requirements
simple diffusion
it is the process used for gas exchange in the alveoli and at the body’s tissues
simple diffusion
this exchange takes place during external respiration or pulmonary respiration
inhaled oxygen diffuses down from the alveoli into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air in the lungs for exhalation
the heart then pumps the freshly oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
lung gas exchange
this exchange takes place during internal respiration or systemic respiration
blood coming from the lungs brings oxygen and diffuses into the body tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues back to the blood
the deoxygenated blood is then transported back to the lungs
tissue gas exchange
the movement of air into and out of the lungs involve the __________ and __________
muscles of respiration and air pressure gradients
the function of the muscles for respiration is to change the __________ of the thoracic cavity, which allows for air to flow
volume
air flows from areas of __________ to areas of __________
high pressure
low pressure
when air moves into the lungs
the contraction of muscles in diaphragm and rib cage expands chest cavity, lowering pressure in the lungs and draws in air
inhalation / inspiration
when air flows out of the lungs
the relaxation of muscles in diaphragm and rib cage allows the lungs to recoil, making the pressure inside high and expels air
exhalation / expiration
it is the normal volume of air inspired and expired with each breath
tidal volume
at rest, quiet breathing results in a tidal volume of approximately _____________
500 mL
it is the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration, approximately 3000 mL at rest
inspiratory reserve volume
it is the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration, approximately 1100 mL at rest
expiratory reserve volume
it is the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration, approximately 1200 mL
residual volume
it is the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume
it is the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration, approximately 3500 mL at rest
inspiratory capacity
it is the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume
it is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration, approximately 2300 mL at rest
functional residual capacity
it is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, the tidal volume, and the expiratory reserve volume
it is the maximum volume of air a person can expel from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration, approximately 4600 mL
vital capacity
it is the sum of the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus the tidal volume and the residual volume, approximately 5800 mL
total lung capacity
the neural centers that control respiratory rhythm and depth are located in the ___________ and the pons
it controls the respiratory rate
medulla oblongata
a collection of neurons in the __________ helps regulate respiration rate
pons
the activity of the respiratory muscles and the diaphragm is regulated by nerve impulses transmitted to them from the brain by the __________ and __________ nerves
phrenic and intercostal nerves
the control of breathing illustrates negative feedback
it relies on the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood
the body is particularly sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide levels and blood pH
local control
extremely slow or shallow breathing resulting in hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis
hypoventilation
too high blood carbon dioxide
hypercapnia
high concentration of carbon dioxide results in a decrease in blood pH
the medulla oblongata is the triggered to stimulate _____________
hyperventilation (increase in breathing rate)
excessive rate and depth of breathing resulting in hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation
too low blood carbon dioxide
hypocapnia
low concentration of carbon dioxide increases the blood pH
in the medulla oblongata of the brain, the neurons that trigger inhalation are inhibited and ________________________
slows down breathing (hypoventilation)
occurs when acid builds up or when bicarbonate (a base) is lost
develops when there is too much carbon dioxide (an acid) in the body
acidosis
a condition in which the body fluids have excess base (alkali)
occurs when high levels of carbon dioxide disrupt the blood’s acid-base balance
alkalosis
measures the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood as well your blood’s pH balance
arterial blood gas (ABG) test
blood draw points for ABG analysis
brachial artery
radial artery
ulnar artery
femoral artery
pH is low
bicarb is low
metabolic acidosis
pH is high
bicarb is high
metabolic alkalosis
pH is low
CO2 is high
respiratory acidosis
pH is high
CO2 is low
respiratory alkalosis
normal pH on ABG
7.35 - 7.45
normal pCO2 on ABG
35 mmHg - 45 mmHg
normal pO2 on ABG
75 mmHg - 100 mmHg
normal HCO3 on ABG
22 mEq/L - 26 mEq/L
normal O2 Sat on ABG
greater than 95%
difference between fenestrated and defenestrated tracheostomy tube
a fenestrated tube has an opening in the side of the shaft, while a non-fenestrated does not
