Cells and Tissues Quiz Flashcards
What are the main regions of the cell?
nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
the control center of the cell
nucleus
material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
cytoplasm
barrier of cell contents
plasma membrane
what are the regions of the nucleus
nuclear membrane
nucleolus
chromatin
barrier of the nucleus, consists of a double phospholipid membrane and contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
nuclear membrane
site of ribosome production, ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
nucleolus
composed of DNA and protein and it condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
chromatin
finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption
microvili
fluid that suspends other elements and is the site of many metabolic pathways
cytosol
metabolic machinery of the cell which are membrane bound and have its own unique structure and functions
organelles
non-functioning units; essential but they do not have activities
inclusions
sites of protein synthesis
ribosomes
fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
endoplasmic reticulum
studded with ribosomes and is the site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed
rough endoplasmic reticulum
functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
modifies and packages proteins
golgi apparatus
contain enzymes that digest non-usable materials within the cell
lysosomes
detoxify harmful substances
peroxisomes
provides ATP for cellular energy
mitochondria
provides cell with an internal framework
cytoskeleton
not found in all cells; used for movement
cellular projections
moves materials across the cell surface
cilia
propels the cell
flagellum
rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
centrioles
cell that fights diseases
macrophage cell
movement of a substance across a membrane without the direct expenditure of energy
passive transport
movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient
diffusion
what are the types of diffusion
simple diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
unassisted process, solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
simple diffusion
simple diffusion of water, highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane
osmosis
substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
facilitated diffusion
transport substances that are unable to pass by diffusion and the movement requires ATP expenditure
active transport
what are the common forms of active transport
solute pumping
bulk transport
ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most cases, moves substances against concentration gradient
solute pumping
moves materials out of the cell carries in a membranous vesicle
exocytosis
extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle
endocytosis
what are the types of endocytosis (and their meanings)
phagocytosis - cell eating
pinocytosis - cell drinking
what are the two major periods of a cell
interphase
cell division
interval between successive cell divisions
protein synthesis, DNA replication and many other events occur
interphase
during this phase, the cell grows, carries out its basic functions, and produces the new organelles and other components it will require if it divides (normal cell function and growth)
G1 (Gap 1) phase
during this phase, enzymes replicate the cell’s genetic material and repair damaged DNA (DNA replication)
S (synthesis) phase
during this phase, the cell continues to grow but also prepares to divide, producing proteins that will help coordinate mitosis
G2 (Gap 2) phase
the cell replicates itself; function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes
cell division
what are the two events of cell division
mitosis
cytokinesis
what is the order of mitosis
prophase > metaphase > anaphase > telophase
the cell starts to break down some structures and build others up, setting the stage for division of the chromosomes
prophase
the spindle has captured all the chromosomes and lined them up at the middle of the cell, ready to divide
metaphase
daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles and the cell begins to elongate
anaphase
daughter nuclei begin forming, a cleavage furrow begins to form
telophase
the splitting of the cell into two daughter cells
the cytoplasm and two nuclei are distributed into the forming daughter daughter cells, which then physically separate
cytokinesis
DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein and specifies the structure of an RNA molecule
gene
is the production of RNA and or proteins from the information stored in DNA
gene expression
carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome
messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building protein
transfer RNA (tRNA)
helps form the ribosomes where the proteins are built
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
group of cells with similar structures and function
tissues
what are the four primary types of tissues
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body
epithelial tissue
what are the functions of the epithelial tissue
protection
absorption
filtration
secretion
found everywhere in the body; includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
connective tissue
what are the functions of the connective tissue
binds body tissues together supports the body provides protection stores compounds transporting substances
functions to produce movement
muscle tissue
what are the three types muscle tissues
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
can be controlled voluntarily; cells attach to the bone or other connective tissue
skeletal muscle
how many nucleus can be seen in the cells of the skeletal muscle
cells have more than one nucleus
found only in the heart; function is to pump blood involuntarily
cardiac muscle
how many nucleus can be found in the cells of the cardiac muscle
one nucleus per cell
involuntary muscle; surrounds hollow organs such as the stomach and small intestines
smooth muscle
how many nucleus can be found in the cells of the smooth muscle
one nucleus per cell
neurons and nerve support cells found in the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia
nervous tissue
what is the function of the nervous tissue
function is to send impulses to other parts of the body: irritability and conductivity
