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ANAPHYSIO > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

it is the fluid of the circulatory system

A

blood

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2
Q

it carries many substances such as hormones, immune system cells, nutrients, glucose, and oxygen
it also carries off wastes such as carbon dioxide

A

blood

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3
Q

blood is a connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix called __________

A

plasma

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4
Q

[functions]
the blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide to the lungs to be exhaled

A

gas exchange

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5
Q

[functions]
the blood carries nutrients absorbed by the digestive system throughout the body

A

nutrient transport

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6
Q

[functions]
the blood carries urea (a waste product of protein metabolism) to the kidneys for excretion in urine

A

waste transport

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7
Q

[functions]
the blood carries enzymes and chemical messengers such as hormones needed in the regulation of body processes

A

regulatory and processed molecules transport

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8
Q

[functions]
the blood plasma leaking out of capillaries become interstitial fluid that surrounds cells

A

formulation of interstitial fluid

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9
Q

[functions]
the blood absorbs heat and dissipates it at the body’s surface; regulates cells’ water content; buffers in blood help maintain pH of interstitial fluid

A

maintain homeostasis of temperature, water, and pH

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10
Q

[functions]
the blood clots plug damaged blood vessels; white blood cells destroy foreign particles and participate in inflammation

A

protection

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11
Q

what is the percentage of plasma in the blood

A

55%

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12
Q

what is the percentage of formed elements in the blood

A

45%

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13
Q

it is the liquid matrix of the blood making up 55% of the total blood volume

A

plasma

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14
Q

pale yellow fluid that makes up more than half of the blood’s volume: 91% water and 9% other substance such as proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances

A

plasma

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15
Q

the main function is to exchange water and dissolved substances with the fluid that surrounds that body’s cells
it also helps to distribute body heat evenly throughout the body

A

plasma

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16
Q

these are the most abundant solutes in plasma making up about 7% of the total plasma volume

A

plasma proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogens

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17
Q

makes up 58% of the plasma proteins and is important in regulating the movement of water between the tissues and the blood
they also bind and transport other molecules in the blood, such as fatty acids and thyroid hormones

A

albumin

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18
Q

account 38% of the plasma proteins
antibodies are __________ that protect against microorganisms

A

globulins

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19
Q

constitutes 4% of the plasma proteins and is responsible for the formation of blood clots

A

fibrinogen

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20
Q

centrifugation done directly with anticoagulants
clotting factors present
given to patients lacking blood cells

A

plasma

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21
Q

centrifugation done after coagulation without anticoagulants
plasma-clotting factors
used for diagnosis

A

serum

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22
Q

these are cell and cell fragments suspended in the plasma making up 45% of the total blood volume

A

formed elements

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23
Q

__________ are the most abundant cell type - 95% of the volume of the formed elements
the remaining 5% consists of __________ and __________

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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24
Q

are biconcave disc in shape that participate in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
they are anucleate - lacing a nucleus

A

red blood cells / erythrocytes

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25
Q

an iron-containing protein that transports most of the oxygen that is carried in the blood
it also binds with a small amount of carbon dioxide

A

hemoglobin

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26
Q

occupies about 1/3 of the total volume of RBCs and account for its red color

A

hemoglobin

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27
Q

oxygenated form of hemoglobin and bright red in color

A

oxyhemoglobin

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28
Q

hemoglobin not bound to oxygen and darker red in color

A

deoxyhemoglobin

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29
Q

used to categorize human blood based on the presence or absence of antigen A and antigen B on the surface of red blood cells

A

ABO blood group system

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30
Q

a substance that the body recognizes as foreign
it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies against it

A

antigen

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31
Q

proteins of viruses or bacteria that invaded the body are examples of __________
in RBCs, these are __________ “markers” on their surfaces which identify the cells

A

antigens

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32
Q

protective proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance called antigens
in the blood, there are “recognizers” present in the plasma that attach to RBCs bearing the specific type of antigens

A

antibodies

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33
Q

acts against type A antigens

A

anti-A antibody

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34
Q

acts against type B antigens

A

anti-B antibody

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35
Q

has A antigens and has anti-B antibodies

A

type A blood

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36
Q

has B antigens and has anti-A antibodies

A

type B blood

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37
Q

has both A and B antigens with neither type of antibodies

A

type AB blood

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38
Q

has neither A nor B antigens with both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

A

type O blood

39
Q

blood type that is known as the universal recipient

A

type AB blood

40
Q

blood type known as the universal donor

A

type O blood

41
Q

a phenomenon that takes place when a blood recipient’s antibodies attach to RBCs of the blood donor having different antigens
this causes the RBCs to clump which leads to the clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body

A

agglutination

42
Q

the combination of the antibodies with the antigens can also initiate reactions that cause __________

A

hemolysis

43
Q

it is the second clinically important blood group with the antigen involved called D antigen

A

Rh blood group

44
Q

has antigen D and has no anti-D antibodies

A

Rh-positive

45
Q

has no antigen D but can develop anti-D antibodies upon exposure

A

Rh-negative

46
Q

Rh stands for…
it is a protein present on the surface of RBCs
not all people have it

A

rhesus

47
Q

immune system cells that are larger than RBCs
these cells retain their nuclei and lack hemoglobin

A

white blood cells / leukocytes

48
Q

the only complete cell in the blood; that is they contain nuclei and the usual organelles

A

white blood cells / leukocytes

49
Q

these cells participate in many immune responses
some secrete signaling molecules that provoke inflammation, whereas others destroy bacteria, viruses, parasites, tumor cells and some produce antibodies

A

white blood cells / leukocytes

50
Q

some white blood cells enter the bloodstream, most either wander in body tissues or settle in the __________ __________

A

lymphatic system

51
Q

these cells are motile using an ameboid movement by putting out irregular cytoplasmic projections

A

white blood cells / leukocytes

52
Q

ability of white blood cells to leave the blood and enter other tissues
WBCs become thin and elongated and slop between or through the cells of blood vessel walls

A

diapedesis (leaping across)

53
Q

ability of WBCs to locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells

A

chemotaxis

54
Q

it is the accumulation of dead white blood cells and bacteria, along with fluid and cell debris at the site of an infection

A

pus

55
Q

the two major groups of WBCs

A

granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

56
Q

white blood cells with large cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei

A

granulocytes

57
Q

the most numerous WBCs, active phagocytes, number increases rapidly during acute infection

A

neutrophils

58
Q

kill parasitic worms, releasee chemicals that modulate inflammation and increase during allergy attacks

A

eosinophils

59
Q

rarest of the WBCs, release histamine which is an inflammatory vasodilator chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflammatory site; and heparin - which prevents clot formation

A

basophils

60
Q

white blood cells that lack visible cytoplasmic granules

A

agranulocytes

61
Q

found in lymphatic tissue - B lymphocytes produce antibodies and T lymphocytes are involved in graft rejection, fighting tumor and viruses

A

lymphocytes

62
Q

largest of the WBCs, active phagocytes that become macrophages for chronic infection

A

monocytes

63
Q

most abundant to least abundant leukocytes

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

64
Q

abnormal increase of WBCs

A

leukocytosis

65
Q

abnormal decrease of WBCs

A

leukopenia

66
Q

it happens when the body doesn’t make enough neutrophils

A

agranulocytosis

67
Q

are small, colorless cell fragments that participate in blood clotting
they consist a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane

A

platelets / thrombocytes

68
Q

they are rough disc-shaped with glycoproteins on their surface allowing __________ to attach to other molecules, such as collagen in connective tissue

A

platelets / thrombocytes

69
Q

platelets prevent __________ ___________ by forming platelet plugs that seal holes in small vessels and promotes the formation and contraction of clots that help seal off larger wounds in the vessels

A

blood loss

70
Q

the platelets attract plasma proteins called __________ __________, which participate in reaction that ultimately produce a web of protein threads

A

clotting factors

71
Q

the protein threads produced by clotting factors trap RBCs and platelets, forming a __________ ____________ - a plug of solidified blood

A

blood clot

72
Q

abnormal increase of platelets

A

thrombocytosis

73
Q

abnormal decrease of platelets

A

thrombocytopenia

74
Q

it is the stopping or cessation of bleeding

A

hemostasis

75
Q

hemostasis involves 3 major phases

A

vascular spasms
platelet plug formation
coagulation (blood clotting)

76
Q

it begins when a blood vessel is damaged and connective tissue in the vessel wall is exposed to blood

A

hemostasis

77
Q

vasoconstriction as the immediate response to a blood vessel injury and chemicals released by the damaged blood vessel cells causes blood vessel spasms
the spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss until clotting can occur

A

vascular spasms

78
Q

a ___________ ___________ is an accumulation of platelets that can seal small breaks in the blood vessels

A

platelet plug

79
Q

injury to the lining of the vessel exposes collagen fibers then the platelets adhere
platelets then releases chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky forming a platelet plug

A

platelet plug formation

80
Q

a __________ __________ is a network of threadlike protein fibers, called fibrin, that traps blood cells, platelets and fluids

A

blood clot

81
Q

clotting factors present in plasma and released by injured cells interact with calcium to form thrombin, the enzyme that joins fibrinogen proteins with fibrin

A

blood clotting or coagulation

82
Q

__________ ___________ forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the blood clot

A

fibrin proteins

83
Q

the blood clot is usually dissolved within a few days after clot formation

A

clot dissolution

84
Q

process that dissolves blood (clot)

A

fibrinolysis

85
Q

the enzyme __________ hydrolyzes or breaks fibrin and dissolves that clot
it becomes part of the clot as it forms

A

plasmin

86
Q

it is activated by many substances including thrombin and lysosomal enzymes released from damaged tissues

A

plasmin

87
Q

blood cell formation occurring in the red bone marrow

A

hematopoiesis

88
Q

stem cells where the formed elements of the blood are derived and are located in the bone marrow
these are precursor cells capable of dividing to produce daughter cells that can differentiate into various types of blood cells

A

hemocytoblasts

89
Q

chemical signals that regulate the development of the different types of formed elements

A

erythropoietin
colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
thrombopoietin

90
Q

hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulate stem cells at the red bone marrow to develop into red blood cells

A

erythropoietin

91
Q

prompts the red bone marrow to develop into leukocytes but also enhance the ability of mature leukocytes to protect the body

A

colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins

92
Q

is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets at the red bone marrow

A

thrombopoietin

93
Q

medication used to increase RBCs and oxygenation of cells

A

epogen

94
Q

medication given if patient’s WBCs are low
stimulate growth of WBCs

A

filgrastim

ANAPHYSIO (20 decks)

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