Blood Flashcards
it is the fluid of the circulatory system
blood
it carries many substances such as hormones, immune system cells, nutrients, glucose, and oxygen
it also carries off wastes such as carbon dioxide
blood
blood is a connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix called __________
plasma
[functions]
the blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide to the lungs to be exhaled
gas exchange
[functions]
the blood carries nutrients absorbed by the digestive system throughout the body
nutrient transport
[functions]
the blood carries urea (a waste product of protein metabolism) to the kidneys for excretion in urine
waste transport
[functions]
the blood carries enzymes and chemical messengers such as hormones needed in the regulation of body processes
regulatory and processed molecules transport
[functions]
the blood plasma leaking out of capillaries become interstitial fluid that surrounds cells
formulation of interstitial fluid
[functions]
the blood absorbs heat and dissipates it at the body’s surface; regulates cells’ water content; buffers in blood help maintain pH of interstitial fluid
maintain homeostasis of temperature, water, and pH
[functions]
the blood clots plug damaged blood vessels; white blood cells destroy foreign particles and participate in inflammation
protection
what is the percentage of plasma in the blood
55%
what is the percentage of formed elements in the blood
45%
it is the liquid matrix of the blood making up 55% of the total blood volume
plasma
pale yellow fluid that makes up more than half of the blood’s volume: 91% water and 9% other substance such as proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances
plasma
the main function is to exchange water and dissolved substances with the fluid that surrounds that body’s cells
it also helps to distribute body heat evenly throughout the body
plasma
these are the most abundant solutes in plasma making up about 7% of the total plasma volume
plasma proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogens
makes up 58% of the plasma proteins and is important in regulating the movement of water between the tissues and the blood
they also bind and transport other molecules in the blood, such as fatty acids and thyroid hormones
albumin
account 38% of the plasma proteins
antibodies are __________ that protect against microorganisms
globulins
constitutes 4% of the plasma proteins and is responsible for the formation of blood clots
fibrinogen
centrifugation done directly with anticoagulants
clotting factors present
given to patients lacking blood cells
plasma
centrifugation done after coagulation without anticoagulants
plasma-clotting factors
used for diagnosis
serum
these are cell and cell fragments suspended in the plasma making up 45% of the total blood volume
formed elements
__________ are the most abundant cell type - 95% of the volume of the formed elements
the remaining 5% consists of __________ and __________
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
are biconcave disc in shape that participate in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
they are anucleate - lacing a nucleus
red blood cells / erythrocytes
an iron-containing protein that transports most of the oxygen that is carried in the blood
it also binds with a small amount of carbon dioxide
hemoglobin
occupies about 1/3 of the total volume of RBCs and account for its red color
hemoglobin
oxygenated form of hemoglobin and bright red in color
oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin not bound to oxygen and darker red in color
deoxyhemoglobin
used to categorize human blood based on the presence or absence of antigen A and antigen B on the surface of red blood cells
ABO blood group system
a substance that the body recognizes as foreign
it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies against it
antigen
proteins of viruses or bacteria that invaded the body are examples of __________
in RBCs, these are __________ “markers” on their surfaces which identify the cells
antigens
protective proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance called antigens
in the blood, there are “recognizers” present in the plasma that attach to RBCs bearing the specific type of antigens
antibodies
acts against type A antigens
anti-A antibody
acts against type B antigens
anti-B antibody
has A antigens and has anti-B antibodies
type A blood
has B antigens and has anti-A antibodies
type B blood
has both A and B antigens with neither type of antibodies
type AB blood
has neither A nor B antigens with both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
type O blood
blood type that is known as the universal recipient
type AB blood
blood type known as the universal donor
type O blood
a phenomenon that takes place when a blood recipient’s antibodies attach to RBCs of the blood donor having different antigens
this causes the RBCs to clump which leads to the clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body
agglutination
the combination of the antibodies with the antigens can also initiate reactions that cause __________
hemolysis
it is the second clinically important blood group with the antigen involved called D antigen
Rh blood group
has antigen D and has no anti-D antibodies
Rh-positive
has no antigen D but can develop anti-D antibodies upon exposure
Rh-negative
Rh stands for…
it is a protein present on the surface of RBCs
not all people have it
rhesus
immune system cells that are larger than RBCs
these cells retain their nuclei and lack hemoglobin
white blood cells / leukocytes
the only complete cell in the blood; that is they contain nuclei and the usual organelles
white blood cells / leukocytes
these cells participate in many immune responses
some secrete signaling molecules that provoke inflammation, whereas others destroy bacteria, viruses, parasites, tumor cells and some produce antibodies
white blood cells / leukocytes
some white blood cells enter the bloodstream, most either wander in body tissues or settle in the __________ __________
lymphatic system
these cells are motile using an ameboid movement by putting out irregular cytoplasmic projections
white blood cells / leukocytes
ability of white blood cells to leave the blood and enter other tissues
WBCs become thin and elongated and slop between or through the cells of blood vessel walls
diapedesis (leaping across)
ability of WBCs to locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells
chemotaxis
it is the accumulation of dead white blood cells and bacteria, along with fluid and cell debris at the site of an infection
pus
the two major groups of WBCs
granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
white blood cells with large cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei
granulocytes
the most numerous WBCs, active phagocytes, number increases rapidly during acute infection
neutrophils
kill parasitic worms, releasee chemicals that modulate inflammation and increase during allergy attacks
eosinophils
rarest of the WBCs, release histamine which is an inflammatory vasodilator chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflammatory site; and heparin - which prevents clot formation
basophils
white blood cells that lack visible cytoplasmic granules
agranulocytes
found in lymphatic tissue - B lymphocytes produce antibodies and T lymphocytes are involved in graft rejection, fighting tumor and viruses
lymphocytes
largest of the WBCs, active phagocytes that become macrophages for chronic infection
monocytes
most abundant to least abundant leukocytes
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
abnormal increase of WBCs
leukocytosis
abnormal decrease of WBCs
leukopenia
it happens when the body doesn’t make enough neutrophils
agranulocytosis
are small, colorless cell fragments that participate in blood clotting
they consist a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane
platelets / thrombocytes
they are rough disc-shaped with glycoproteins on their surface allowing __________ to attach to other molecules, such as collagen in connective tissue
platelets / thrombocytes
platelets prevent __________ ___________ by forming platelet plugs that seal holes in small vessels and promotes the formation and contraction of clots that help seal off larger wounds in the vessels
blood loss
the platelets attract plasma proteins called __________ __________, which participate in reaction that ultimately produce a web of protein threads
clotting factors
the protein threads produced by clotting factors trap RBCs and platelets, forming a __________ ____________ - a plug of solidified blood
blood clot
abnormal increase of platelets
thrombocytosis
abnormal decrease of platelets
thrombocytopenia
it is the stopping or cessation of bleeding
hemostasis
hemostasis involves 3 major phases
vascular spasms
platelet plug formation
coagulation (blood clotting)
it begins when a blood vessel is damaged and connective tissue in the vessel wall is exposed to blood
hemostasis
vasoconstriction as the immediate response to a blood vessel injury and chemicals released by the damaged blood vessel cells causes blood vessel spasms
the spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss until clotting can occur
vascular spasms
a ___________ ___________ is an accumulation of platelets that can seal small breaks in the blood vessels
platelet plug
injury to the lining of the vessel exposes collagen fibers then the platelets adhere
platelets then releases chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky forming a platelet plug
platelet plug formation
a __________ __________ is a network of threadlike protein fibers, called fibrin, that traps blood cells, platelets and fluids
blood clot
clotting factors present in plasma and released by injured cells interact with calcium to form thrombin, the enzyme that joins fibrinogen proteins with fibrin
blood clotting or coagulation
__________ ___________ forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the blood clot
fibrin proteins
the blood clot is usually dissolved within a few days after clot formation
clot dissolution
process that dissolves blood (clot)
fibrinolysis
the enzyme __________ hydrolyzes or breaks fibrin and dissolves that clot
it becomes part of the clot as it forms
plasmin
it is activated by many substances including thrombin and lysosomal enzymes released from damaged tissues
plasmin
blood cell formation occurring in the red bone marrow
hematopoiesis
stem cells where the formed elements of the blood are derived and are located in the bone marrow
these are precursor cells capable of dividing to produce daughter cells that can differentiate into various types of blood cells
hemocytoblasts
chemical signals that regulate the development of the different types of formed elements
erythropoietin
colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
thrombopoietin
hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulate stem cells at the red bone marrow to develop into red blood cells
erythropoietin
prompts the red bone marrow to develop into leukocytes but also enhance the ability of mature leukocytes to protect the body
colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets at the red bone marrow
thrombopoietin
medication used to increase RBCs and oxygenation of cells
epogen
medication given if patient’s WBCs are low
stimulate growth of WBCs
filgrastim
