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General A&P > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the urinary system

A
  1. Filtration of blood 2. Production and excretion of urine 3. Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance 4. Excretion of wastes 5. Regulation of blood composition 6. Regulation of blood pH
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2
Q

What are the 4 main components of the urinary system

A
  1. Kidneys 2. Ureters 3. Urinary Bladder 4. Urethra
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3
Q

Kidneys filter ______ and produce _____

A

blood and produce urine

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4
Q

Ureters transport

A

urine to the bladder

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5
Q

Urinary bladder stores

A

urine

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6
Q

Urethra transports

A

Urine out of the body

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7
Q

The kidney lie in the _______ position

A

retroperitoneal position

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8
Q

The kidneys are externally covered by a

A

Fibrous capsule and layers of fat

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9
Q

Miscroscopic functional filtration units of the kidneys

A

Nephrons

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10
Q

What are the 2 major regions of a nephron

A
  1. Renal corpuscle 2. Renal tubule
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11
Q

The renal corpuscle is where

A

filtration occurs

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12
Q

What 2 structures are in the renal corpuscle

A
  1. Glonerulus 2. Bowman’s/ glomerular capsule
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13
Q

The renal tubule consists of what 3 structures

A
  1. Proxymal convoluted tubule 2. nephron loop 3. Distal convoluted tubule
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14
Q

Specialized capillaries in the renal corpuscle that filter blood

A

glomerulus

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15
Q

surrounds the glomerulus and captures filtrate

A

Bowman’s/glomerular capsule

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16
Q

primary site of reabsorption

A

proxymal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

what 2 parts of the renal tubule are sites of reabsortion and secretion

A
  1. nephron loop 2. Distal convoluted tubule
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18
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons

A
  1. Cortical nephrons 2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
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19
Q

Which type of nephron is shorter

A

Cortical nephrons

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20
Q

What type of nephron makes up 85% of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons

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21
Q

Which type of nephron helps regulate urine concentration

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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22
Q

What percentage of cardiac output goes directly to the kidneys

A

20-25%

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23
Q

Urine formation involves what 3 processes

A
  1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion
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24
Q

Where does glomerular filtration occur

A

the glomerular capillaries

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25
Q

What substances should be included in filtrate

A

water and dissolved solutes

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26
Q

What substances should not be included in filtrate

A

Formed elements and large plasma proteins

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27
Q

Glomerular capillaries are _____ to allow substances to pass through

A

fenestrated (porus)

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28
Q

Filtration of urine is driven by

A

hydrostatic pressure

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29
Q

Kidneys are capable of producing _______ L of filtrate per day

A

180

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30
Q

Amount of filtrate produced/ minute

A

glomerular filtration rate

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31
Q

What is the normal GFR range

A

90-120 mL/min

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32
Q

Lower than average GFR can indicate

A

kidney disease or kidney failure

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33
Q

How is GFR measured

A

blood test or creatinine clearance test

34
Q

What are 3 regulators of GFR

A
  1. Renal autoregulation 2. Atrail natriuretic peptide 3. Sympathetic innervation
35
Q

What hormone increases GFR

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

36
Q

What hormone decreases GFR

A

sympathetic innervation

37
Q

Reclamation of substances from filtrate/ tubular fluid

A

Tubular reabsorption

38
Q

What regulates the reabsorption of water

A

ADH and Aldosterone

39
Q

What 2 hormones regulate the reabsorption of Sodium

A
  1. Aldosterone 2. Atrial natriuretic peptide
40
Q

What hormone increases sodium reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

41
Q

What hormone decreases sodium reabsorption

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

42
Q

What regulates potassium reabsorption

A

Degree of sodium reabsorption

43
Q

What regulates Calcium reabsorption

A

PTH and Calcitonin

44
Q

What regulates hydrogen ion reabsorption

A

fluctuations in blood pH

45
Q

If blood pH is too low hydrogen ions are

A

secreted

46
Q

If blood pH is too high hydrogen ions are

A

reabsorbed

47
Q

Bicarbonate ion reabsorption is regulated by

A

fluctuations in blood pH

48
Q

excretion of substances that are not needed by the body

A

tubular secretion

49
Q

tubular secretion prevents accumulation of what 3 things

A
  1. Metabolic/ nitrogenous wastes 2. Hormones 3. Foreign substances
50
Q

Kidney stones are also called

A

Renal calculi

51
Q

Kidney stones form from buildup of

A

crystalline minerals in the kidney

52
Q

What are 3 risk factors to developing kidney stones

A
  1. Family history 2. medications 3. dehyrdration
53
Q

Urine is the product of

A

filtered and processed blood plasma

54
Q

urine is _______ percent water

A

95

55
Q

urine is ______ percent solutes

A

5

56
Q

What is the average volume of urine/ day

A

1-2 L

57
Q

the pH of urine is normally

A

4.5 - 8.0

58
Q

The urinary bladder is

A

and expandable muscular container

59
Q

The bladder can comfortably hold

A

300-400 mL

60
Q

In total the bladder can hold

A

700-800 mL

61
Q

In males the bladder is _____ to the rectum and _____ to the prostate gland

A

anterior to rectum and superior to prostate gland

62
Q

What is the muscularis layer of the bladder

A

detrusor muscle

63
Q

The bladder is ______ to the uterus in females

A

anteroinferior

64
Q

The urethra is lined with

A

epithelial tissue

65
Q

What 2 sphincters restrict the release of urine

A
  1. Internal urethral sphincter 2. External urethral sphincter
66
Q

The female urethra is how long

A

3-4 cm

67
Q

The female urethra only passes

A

urine

68
Q

The male urethra is how long

A

18-20 cm

69
Q

The male urethra passes

A

urine and semen

70
Q

The internal sphincter is controlled by what type of muscle

A

smooth muscle (involuntary control)

71
Q

The external sphincter is controlled by what type of muscle

A

skeletal (voluntary control)

72
Q

Urination is also called

A

micturition

73
Q

What are the 2 reflexes associated with urination

A
  1. Storage reflex 2. Micturition reflex
74
Q

With the storage reflex as urine fills the bladder the detrusor _____ and internal urethral sphincter is ________

A

relaxes and the internal urethral sphincter is contracted

75
Q

With the micturition reflex when the bladder is filled with 200-300 mL of urine the bladder distends which stimulates the detrusor to _______ and internal urethral sphincter to ______

A

contract and internal urethral sphincter to relax

76
Q

Urinary tract infections occur when

A

bacteria or fungi multiply within the urinary tract

77
Q

Women are more prone to UTIs due to

A

shorter urethra and close proximity of urethral orifice to anal orifice

78
Q

When an infection first develops in the urethra it is called

A

urethritis

79
Q

If an infection spreads to the bladder it is called

A

cystitis

80
Q

If an infection spreads to the kidney is is called

A

pyelonephritis

81
Q

What are 2 symptoms of urinary tract infections

A
  1. Frequency of urination 2. Burning with urination

General A&P (23 decks)

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