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General A&P > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 main functions of the digestive system

A
  1. Ingestion 2. Motility 3. Secretion 4. Digestion 5. Absorption 6. Defecation
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2
Q

Taking nutrients into the body

A

Ingestion

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3
Q

Voluntary and involuntary movement of materials

A

Motility

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4
Q

Production/ release of substances

A

Secretion

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5
Q

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of nutrients

A

Digestion

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6
Q

Transport of nutrients into blood/lymph

A

Absorption

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7
Q

Removal of wastes undigestible substances

A

Defecation

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8
Q

Mechanical digestion is breakdown from

A

large to small pieces

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9
Q

Chemical digestion is breakdown from

A

complex to simple molecules

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10
Q

What 6 things make up the GI tract

A
  1. Oral cavity 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine
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11
Q

What are the 6 accessory organs of the digestive system

A
  1. Teeth 2. tongue 3. salivary glands 4. liver 5. Galbladder 6. Pancreas
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12
Q

What are the 4 main layers of the GI tract wall (from inner most to outer most)

A
  1. Mucosa 2. submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa or Adventitia
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13
Q

The mucosa is comprised of

A

mucosal membrane

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14
Q

What is the primary tissue type of the mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelium

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15
Q

The tissue of the mucosa is specialized for

A

secretion and absorption

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16
Q

Some areas of the mucosa contain what tissue type

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

Why do some areas of the mucosa contain strat. squamous epi.

A

to better withstand abrasion

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18
Q

What are the 5 layers of the GI tract wall

A
  1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Adventitia 5. Serosa
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19
Q

The submucosa is comprised of

A

areolar connective tissue

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20
Q

The submucosa layer contains what 4 things

A
  1. blood/ lymph vessels 2. nerves 3. glands 4. lymphatic tissues
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21
Q

The muscularis consists of layers of

A

smooth muscle fibers running in different directions

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22
Q

The muscularis layer is thickened in many places to form

A

sphincters

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23
Q

The muscularis aids in

A

mixing and movement of food through the GI tract

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24
Q

Mechanical breakdown and mixing associated with the muscularis layer

A

segmentation

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25
Q

What is the outermost layer of the GI tract wall in organs that are outside the peritoneal cavity

A

Adventitia

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26
Q

What is an example with an organ that would have adventitia

A

Esophagus

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27
Q

The adventitia is comprised of

A

areolar connective tissue

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28
Q

What is the outermost layer of the GI tract wall in organs that are inside the peritoneal cavity

A

Serosa

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29
Q

The serosa is also made of areolar connective tissue but

A

covered by the visceral peritoneum

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30
Q

What are the 3 serous membranes in the digestive system

A
  1. Parietal peritoneum 2. Visceral peritoneum 3. Peritoneal cavity
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31
Q

Serous membrane that lines the inner surface of the abdominal cavity walls

A

Parietal peritoneum

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32
Q

Serous membranes that reflects and covers surfaces of internal organs

A

Visceral peritoneum

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33
Q

Fluid-filled space between the visceral and parietal layers

A

Peritoneal cavity

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34
Q

Inflammation of the peritoneum

A

peritonitis

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35
Q

Extensions of the peritoneum that help support and attach GI tract to abdominal wall

A

Mesenteries

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36
Q

What are the 2 main mesenteries of the digestive system

A
  1. Greater omentum 2. Mesentery proper
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37
Q

Mesentery that anteriorly covers most abdominal organs

A

Greater omentum

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38
Q

Mesentery that suspends most of the small intestine to posterior abdominal wall

A

Mesentery proper

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39
Q

What is the entrance to the GI tract

A

Oral cavity

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40
Q

What are the 2 regions of the oral cavity

A
  1. Vestibule 2. Oral cavity proper
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41
Q

The oral cavity is primary involved with what type of digestion

A

mechanical digestion

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42
Q

Is the oral cavity involved with any chemical digestion

A

yes, some

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43
Q

How is the oral cavity involved in chemical digestion

A

the digestion of carbohydrates via salivary amylase

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44
Q

What is another chemical secreted with saliva other that salivary amylase

A

lingual lipase

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45
Q

Lingual lipase is activated in the

A

stomach to aid in fat break down

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46
Q

What are the 2 major regions of the tooth

A
  1. Crown 2. Root
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47
Q

What is our first set of teeth called

A

baby/deciduous teeth

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48
Q

How many teeth are in the 1st set

A

20

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49
Q

What is our second set of teeth called

A

adult/permanent teeth

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50
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth

A
  1. incisors 2. Canines 3. Premolars 4. Molars
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51
Q

How many incisors do we have

A

8

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52
Q

What is the primary function of incisors

A

biting

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53
Q

How many canines do we have

A

4

54
Q

What is the primary function of canines

A

piercing/ tearing

55
Q

How many premolars do we have

A

8

56
Q

What is the main function of premolars and molars

A

grinding/ chewing

57
Q

How many molars do we have

A

12

58
Q

The salivary glands are ______ digestive structures

A

Accessory

59
Q

The salivary glands are _____ glands

A

exocrine

60
Q

What are the 3 sets of salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid glands 2. Submandibular gland 3. sublingual gland
61
Q

The pharynx is a passage for

A

air and food

62
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx
63
Q

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx consist of what tissue

A

stratified squamous

64
Q

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx contain skeletal muscle to aid in

A

deglutition (swallowing)

65
Q

When food passes into the pharynx it is referred to as the

A

bolus

66
Q

What are the 3 phases of deglutition

A
  1. Voluntary phase 2. Pharyngeal phase 3. Esophageal phase
67
Q

Directs bolus toward the oropharynx

A

Voluntary phase

68
Q

Tactile sensory receptors in pharynx detect bolus- stimulates elevation of the soft palate and uvula and elevation of larynx

A

Pharyngeal phase

69
Q

Entry of bolus into esophagus stimulates peristalsis to propel food toward stomach (esophageal sphincters relax to allow passage

A

Esophageal phase

70
Q

The esophagus

A

collapsible tubular passageway for food

71
Q

The point where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm

A

esophageal hiatus

72
Q

Point where the food enters the stomach from the esophagus

A

Cardia/cardiac orifice

73
Q

The stomach is involved in what type of digestion

A

both mechanical and chemical digestion

74
Q

The stomach chemically digests proteins via _____ and lipids via ______

A

proteins via pepsin and lipids via lipase

75
Q

Ingested material spends how long in the stomach

A

2-6

76
Q

Does much absorption happen in the stomach

A

No

77
Q

When food exits the stomach it is referred to as

A

chyme

78
Q

Rapid expulsion of gastric contents through the oral cavity

A

Emesis (vomiting)

79
Q

Where is the vomiting center located in the brain

A

the medulla oblongata

80
Q

The vomiting center stimulates what 4 things to happen when triggered

A
  1. increased HR 2. sweating 3. feeling of nausea 4. increased saliva production
81
Q

After the vomiting center is stimulated what 3 things happen

A
  1. a deep inhale 2. closing of the glottis and nasal passageways 3. contraction of abdominal muscles
82
Q

What is the longest portion of the digestive tract

A

the small intestine

83
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine

A
  1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
84
Q

Where does most chemical digestion and absorption occur

A

The small intestine

85
Q

Where are most accessory organ products secreted

A

The small intestine

86
Q

What structures in the small intestine help to slow the flow of chyme

A

circular folds

87
Q

What 2 things in the small intestine increase the surface area for absorption

A

Vili and Microvili

88
Q

Finger-like projections of mucosa

A

Vili

89
Q

extensions of plasma membrane of the Vili

A

microvili

90
Q

Lymphatic capillaries within vili

A

Lacteals

91
Q

What absorbs lipids and lipid-soluble substances in the small intestine

A

lacteals

92
Q

What is produced in the small intestine to break down carbohydrates

A

Brush border enzymes

93
Q

Brush border enzymes break down _____ into ______

A

disaccharides/trisaccharides into monosaccharides

94
Q

The carbs that are broken down into simple monosaccharides are

A

absorbed into the blood

95
Q

Proteins are broken down into ______ in the small intestine

A

amino acids

96
Q

amino acids in the small intestine are absorbed into the

A

blood

97
Q

Fats are broken down into _______ in the small intestine

A

monglycerides to fatty acids

98
Q

Monglycerides and fatty acids are picked up by

A

lacteals

99
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver

A
  1. Right lobe 2. left lobe 3. Quadrate lobe 4. Caudate lobe
100
Q

The liver is an __________ organ of the digestive tract

A

accessory organ

101
Q

What is the main function of the liver

A

produce and release bile into the duodenum

102
Q

Yellow-green substance produced by the liver

A

Bile

103
Q

What two substances found in bile emulsify fats

A
  1. Bile salts 2. lecithin
104
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder

A

store and concentrate bile

105
Q

Gallstones form as a result of too much

A

cholesterol

106
Q

The pancreas is an ________ organ located behind the stomach

A

accessory

107
Q

The endocrine function of the pancreas is owed to

A

islet cells

108
Q

Islet cells produce

A

insulin and glucagon

109
Q

The exocrine function of the pancreas is owed to

A

acinar cells

110
Q

Acinar cells produce

A

pancreatic juice

111
Q

What are the 6 substances in pancreatic juice

A
  1. Water 2. Bicarbonate 3. Pancreatic amylase 4. Pancreatic lipase 5. Proteases 6. Nucleases
112
Q

Bicarbonate in pancreatic juice

A

neutralizes acidity of chyme

113
Q

Pancreatic amylase in pancreatic juice aids in the digestion of

A

carbohydrates

114
Q

Pancreatic lipase in pancreatic juice aids in the digestion of

A

lipase

115
Q

Proteases digest

A

proteins

116
Q

Nucleases digest

A

nucleic acids

117
Q

What are the 4 sections of the large intestine

A
  1. Ascending colon 2. Transverse colon 3. Descending colon 4. Sigmoid colon
118
Q

Chyme enters the large intestine via the

A

illocecal valve

119
Q

The lining of the large intestine aids in the absorption of

A

water and electrolytes

120
Q

The large intestine compacts chyme into __________ which is stored until elimination occurs

A

feces

121
Q

The large intestine contains indigenous microbiota who’s function is

A

Produce vitamins and protection

122
Q

What is the final product of the GI tract

A

feces

123
Q

What are the 2 movements of the large intestine

A
  1. Peristalsis 2. Mass movements
124
Q

Peristalsis is

A

sluggish

125
Q

The large intestine engages in mass movements

A

2-3 times per-day to force feces toward the rectum

126
Q

What two Reflexes are involved in the movements of the large intestine

A
  1. Gastocolic reflex 2. Defecation reflex
127
Q

Reflex initiated by stomach distension that causes a mass movement

A

Gastrocolic reflex

128
Q

Reflex that relaxes the internal anal sphincter

A

Defecation reflex

129
Q

Nutrients consumed in large amounts

A

Macronutrients

130
Q

What are the 3 macronutrients

A
  1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Fats
131
Q

Nutrients consumed in small amounts

A

Micronutrients

General A&P (23 decks)

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