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general a&p > Cardiovascular system- blood > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system- blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood volume in the body

A

4-5 L

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2
Q

Blood’s viscosity is ______ thicker than water

A

4-5 x

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3
Q

Blood’s viscosity increases when

A

plasma volume decreases and/or formed elements increase

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4
Q

Blood’s pH is

A

7.35 - 7.4

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5
Q

What are the 3 solid components (formed elements) of blood

A
  1. Red blood cells 2. White blood cells 3. Platelets
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6
Q

Red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

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7
Q

White blood cells

A

leukocytes

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8
Q

Platelets

A

thrombocytes

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9
Q

Liquid component of blood

A

plasma

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10
Q

% of red blood cells in a sample of blood

A

hematocrit

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11
Q

What percent of blood is plasma

A

55%

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12
Q

What percent of blood is WBCs and platelets

A

less than 1%

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13
Q

What is the WBC and platelet layer of blood known as

A

buffy coat

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14
Q

What is the normal range for female hematocrit

A

mid 30s - 40s

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15
Q

What is the normal range for male hematocrit

A

40s - mid 50s

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16
Q

Plasma is ____ percent water

A

90

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17
Q

The other 10% of plasma is

A

dissolved ions and molecules

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18
Q

What are the 3 plasma proteins

A
  1. Albumin 2. Globulins 3. Fibrinogen
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19
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein

A

Albumin

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20
Q

Plasma protein that picks up fluid that leaks during capillary exchange and acts as a transport protein

A

Albumin

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21
Q

Plasma protein that acts as a transport protein and plays roles in immunity

A

Globulins

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22
Q

Plasma protein that is and inactive precursor to fibrin

A

Fibrinogen

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23
Q

Production of formed elements in the blood

A

hemopoesis

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24
Q

Where does hemopoesis occur

A

Red bone marrow

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25
Q

Blood stem cells

A

hemocytoblasts

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26
Q

What two lines can hemocytoblasts go down to become specific blood cells

A
  1. Myeloid line 2. Lymphoid line
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27
Q

Gives rise to red blood cells, platelets, and all white blood cells except lymphocytes

A

Myeloid line

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28
Q

Gives rise to lymphocytes

A

Lymphoid line

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29
Q

Erythrocytes are what shape

A

biconcave

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30
Q

Erythrocytes are ______

A

anucleate

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31
Q

Erythrocytes contain ________ to transport what 2 gases

A

hemoglobin to transport oxygen and CO2

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32
Q

Formation of RBCs

A

Erythropoiesis

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33
Q

What stimulates production of RBCs

A

hypoxemia (low blood oxygen)

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34
Q

Hypoxemia triggers what hormone to be released from the kidneys

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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35
Q

EPO targets __________ to produce RBCs

A

Red bone marrow

36
Q

With increased RBC count comes

A

increased blood oxygen levels

37
Q

What 2 organs break down defective/old RBCs

A
  1. Spleen 2. Liver
38
Q

Condition involving insufficient hemoglobin/ RBC production or loss of RBCs

A

Anemia

39
Q

Elevated RBC count

A

Polycythemia

40
Q

What are 3 symptoms of anemia

A
  1. Lethargy 2. Shortness of breath 3. Pallor
41
Q

What are the 4 types of anemia

A
  1. Iron-deficiency anemia 2. Aplastic anemia 3. Hemorrhagic anemia 4. Sickle-cell anemia
42
Q

Lack of iron leads to insufficient hemoglobin production

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

43
Q

bone marrow defect affects RBC production

A

Aplastic anemia

44
Q

results from heavy blood loss

A

Hemorrhagic anemia

45
Q

hereditary condition RBCs are abnormally shaped

A

Sickle-cell anemia

46
Q

What is the function of leukocytes

A

role in the body’s ability to detect and combat pathogens

47
Q

Most leukocytes reside in

A

body tissues not the blood

48
Q

Leukocytes exhibit what 2 things

A
  1. Diapedesis 2. Chemotaxis
49
Q

Ability to enter tissues from blood vessels

A

Diapedesis

50
Q

attraction to chemicals

A

Chemotaxis

51
Q

What are the 2 major categories of leukocytes

A
  1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes
52
Q

Leukocytes that contain cytoplasmic granules

A

Granulocytes

53
Q

Granulocytes include what 3

A
  1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophyles 3. Basophils
54
Q

What is the most abundant type of Leukocyte

A

Neutrophils

55
Q

Leukocytes that contain no cytoplasmic granules

A

Agranulocytes

56
Q

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes

A
  1. Lymphocytes 2. Monocytes
57
Q

What is the 2nd most abundant Leukocyte

A

Lymphocytes

58
Q

What is the function of Neutrophils

A

Combat bacterial infections

59
Q

Increased neutrophil count (usually indicates presence of a bacterial infection)

A

Neutrophilia

60
Q

Eosinophils combat

A

parasitic worm infections

61
Q

Basophils have a role in

A

inflammatory response

62
Q

What 2 chemicals are released by basophils to promote inflamation

A
  1. Histamine 2. Heparin
63
Q

What percent of WBCs is Lymphocytes

A

20-40%

64
Q

Where do lymphocytes reside

A

Lymphatic tissues and organs

65
Q

Lymphocytes have a role in

A

specific immune response (ex. antibody production)

66
Q

Monocytes reside in

A

body tissues

67
Q

What is the “clean up crew” WBC

A

monocytes

68
Q

When in the presence of pathogens monocytes transform into

A

macrophages

69
Q

Macrophages are also called

A

“big eater cells”

70
Q

Low overall WBC count

A

Leukopenia

71
Q

High overall WBC count

A

Leukocytosis

72
Q

Looks at percentages of each type of WBC

A

Differential count

73
Q

Platelets are

A

small membrane-enclosed cell fragments

74
Q

Platelets form by breaking off of large cells called _______ in bone marrow

A

megakayocytes

75
Q

Platelets have a role in

A

hemostasis

76
Q

Prevention of excessive blood loss

A

Hemostasis

77
Q

What are the 3 phases of hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation
78
Q

Blood clotting

A

Coagulation

79
Q

Blood clumping

A

Agglutination

80
Q

Coagulation occurs during hemostasis when

A

Firbrin forms a mesh to trap RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma, and proteins

81
Q

Hemophilia

A

Bleeding disorder with x-linked recessive pattern

82
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

platelet deficiency

83
Q

Thrombocytopenia is due to

A

increased breakdown or decreased production

84
Q

Increased tendency to clot

A

hypercoagulation

85
Q

thrombus

A

stationary clot

86
Q

Hypercoagulation may result in a

A

thrombus

87
Q

When a thrombus moves

A

embolus

general a&p (23 decks)

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