Cell Biology Flashcards
What is the basic unit of matter
atoms
atoms are made up of
protons and neutrons
Where are electrons found
Shells around the nucleus
What makes up the nucleus
protons and neutrons
Ions
Atoms that have gained or lost electrons
Ionic bonds
bonds between oppositely charged ions
Covalent bonds
Bonds that form when atoms share electrons
How do cells remain alive
By controlling chemical reactions
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
Decomposition
Breakdown from larger to smaller molecules
synthesis
production of larger molecules from smaller ones
Redox
involves transfer of electrons from one molecule to another
What are the 2 classes of energy
- Potential 2. Kinetic
Potential energy
stored energy
Kinetic energy
energy of motion
What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration
- Glycolysis 2. Intermediate stage 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Electron transport chain
What is the cells energy currency
ATP
What releases the energy in ATP
breaking of phosphate bonds
Where does glycolysis occur
cytosol
Where do the other 3 stages of cellular respiration occur
mitochondria
Is oxygen required for glycolysis
no
In glycolysis glucose is broken down to create
pyruvate
In intermediate stage pyruvate is broken down to create
acetyl CoA
In the citric acid cycle acetyl CoA is brown down to create
NADH and FADH2
In the electron transport chain NADH and FADH2 are broken down to create
30 ATP
Organic macromolecules
carbon hydrogen backbone
What are the 4 major categories of organic molecules
- Carboyhydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4 Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Energy
Lipids
Energy and Structure
Proteins
Many functions and made based on directions provided in DNA
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA allow for direct protein synthesis
What is the basic functional unit of the body
Cell
What are the 2 major types of cells
- Somatic 2. Gametes
Somatic Cells
All other cells than reproductive cells
What are the 3 common components of most cells
- Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus
The plasma membrane consists of what 3 things
- Lipids 2. Proteins 3. Carbohydrates
What lipids are in the PM
Phospholipids and Cholesterol
What proteins are in the PM
Intergral and Peripheral
Integral proteins
span across entire membrane
Peripheral membranes
only on one side
Cholesterol in the PM
stabilizes the bilayer
Integral proteins allow
substances to move through the PM
Passive transport includes what two processes
- Diffusion 2. Osmosis
Active transport includes what two processes
- Primary active transport 2. Vesicular transport
Diffusion moves
solutes
Osmosis moves
water
Simple diffusion
movement of small and non-polar molecules down their concentration gradient by passing through the lipid bilayer
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of ions or polar molecules down their concentration that requires the assistance of channels or carriers
When does osmosis occur
when water can move but solutes cannot
In osmosis concentration is balanced but
volumes are changed
Hypertonic
Water moves out cell shrinks/ erenates
Hypertonic solutions have more
solute concentration
Isotonic
equal solution
Hypotonic
water moves in and cells swell
Hypotonic solutions have more
water
Active transport requires
ATP
With active transport solutes move ____ the concentration gradient
Up
What are the 2 types of active transport
- Primary active transport 2. Vesicular transport
Primary active transport uses
a protein pump
What is an example of a protein pump
Sodium potassium pump
Sodium potassium pumps move ___ sodium ___ the cell
3 sodium outside the cell
Sodium potassium pumps move _____ potassium _____ the cell
2 potassium inside the cell
Sodium potassium pumps required ______ ATP
1
What active transport process is used to move large items into or outside of the cell
Vesicular transport/ bulk transport
Vesicular transport moves items via
vesicles
Movement out of the cell
exocytosis
Movement into the cell
endocytosis
Engulfment of solid particles
Phagocytosis
Engulfment of liquid particles
Pinocytosis
Resting membrane potential
Difference in ion concentration across the plasma membrane creates a difference in charge across the plasma membrane
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Studded with ribosomes and has a role in protein production/ folding
Smooth ER
Lipid synthesis/ metabolism
Golgi apparatus
Sort, modify, and package proteins
Lysosomes and peroxisomes
breakdown of wastes/ detoxification
Mitochondria
Carry out aerobic cellular respiration
Ribosomes
Protein production
Cytoskeleton
Cell structure aid in cellular movement
Proteasomes
Degrade unneeded or damaged proteins
Centrosomes/ centrioles
Role in cell division
What are the 4 Non-membrane-bound organelles
- Ribosomes 2. Cytoskeleton 3. Centrosomes 4. Proteasomes
Hair like projections from cell surface that move substances along cell surface
Cilia
Whip-like tail
Flagella
Densely packed extension of PM surface that increase surface area for absorption
Microvilli
What is the largest structure in the cell
Nucleus
The nucleus is enclosed in a _______
double phospholipid membrane
What is the double phospholipid membrane of the nucleus called
nuclear envelope
What is the site of ribosome production in the nucleus
Nucleolus
What are the building blocks of DNA
nucleotides
What is the function of the nucleus
Direct cellular activity and protein synthesis
DNA in non-dividing cells
chromatin
DNA in a dividing cell
chromosomes
What are nucleotides composed of
sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
Segments of DNA that provide the instructions for the synthesis of proteins
Genes
Genes provide the instructions for the synthesis of specific
Proteins
What carries out protein synthesis and where
Ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What are the 2 major phases of protein synthesis
- Transcription 2. Translation
Transcription
DNA is split by RNA polymerase which makes mRNA
Translation
Ribosome reads mRNA and protein is assembled based on those directions
_____ cells undergo mitosis
Somatic
What are the two major phases of the cell cycle
- Interphase 2. Mitosis
How long does interphase last
23 hours
How long does mitosis last
1 hour
What does the cell cycle produce
2 identical daughter cells
What are 3 purposes of cell division
- Growth 2. Maintenance 3. Repair
What are the 3 sub-phases of interphase
- G1 phase 2. S phase 3. G2 phase
G1 phase
growth and production of new organelles
S phase
DNA is replicated
G2 phase
centriole replication completed
What is the division of the nucleus
Mitosis
What are the 4 sub-phases of mitosis
- Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase