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General A&P > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit of matter

A

atoms

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2
Q

atoms are made up of

A

protons and neutrons

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3
Q

Where are electrons found

A

Shells around the nucleus

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4
Q

What makes up the nucleus

A

protons and neutrons

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5
Q

Ions

A

Atoms that have gained or lost electrons

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6
Q

Ionic bonds

A

bonds between oppositely charged ions

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7
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Bonds that form when atoms share electrons

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8
Q

How do cells remain alive

A

By controlling chemical reactions

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9
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell

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10
Q

Decomposition

A

Breakdown from larger to smaller molecules

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11
Q

synthesis

A

production of larger molecules from smaller ones

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12
Q

Redox

A

involves transfer of electrons from one molecule to another

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13
Q

What are the 2 classes of energy

A
  1. Potential 2. Kinetic
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14
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy

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15
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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16
Q

What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis 2. Intermediate stage 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Electron transport chain
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17
Q

What is the cells energy currency

A

ATP

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18
Q

What releases the energy in ATP

A

breaking of phosphate bonds

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19
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol

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20
Q

Where do the other 3 stages of cellular respiration occur

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

Is oxygen required for glycolysis

A

no

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22
Q

In glycolysis glucose is broken down to create

A

pyruvate

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23
Q

In intermediate stage pyruvate is broken down to create

A

acetyl CoA

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24
Q

In the citric acid cycle acetyl CoA is brown down to create

A

NADH and FADH2

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25
Q

In the electron transport chain NADH and FADH2 are broken down to create

A

30 ATP

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26
Q

Organic macromolecules

A

carbon hydrogen backbone

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27
Q

What are the 4 major categories of organic molecules

A
  1. Carboyhydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4 Nucleic Acids
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28
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Energy

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29
Q

Lipids

A

Energy and Structure

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30
Q

Proteins

A

Many functions and made based on directions provided in DNA

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31
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA and RNA allow for direct protein synthesis

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32
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the body

A

Cell

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33
Q

What are the 2 major types of cells

A
  1. Somatic 2. Gametes
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34
Q

Somatic Cells

A

All other cells than reproductive cells

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35
Q

What are the 3 common components of most cells

A
  1. Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus
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36
Q

The plasma membrane consists of what 3 things

A
  1. Lipids 2. Proteins 3. Carbohydrates
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37
Q

What lipids are in the PM

A

Phospholipids and Cholesterol

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38
Q

What proteins are in the PM

A

Intergral and Peripheral

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39
Q

Integral proteins

A

span across entire membrane

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40
Q

Peripheral membranes

A

only on one side

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41
Q

Cholesterol in the PM

A

stabilizes the bilayer

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42
Q

Integral proteins allow

A

substances to move through the PM

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43
Q

Passive transport includes what two processes

A
  1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis
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44
Q

Active transport includes what two processes

A
  1. Primary active transport 2. Vesicular transport
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45
Q

Diffusion moves

A

solutes

46
Q

Osmosis moves

A

water

47
Q

Simple diffusion

A

movement of small and non-polar molecules down their concentration gradient by passing through the lipid bilayer

48
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of ions or polar molecules down their concentration that requires the assistance of channels or carriers

49
Q

When does osmosis occur

A

when water can move but solutes cannot

50
Q

In osmosis concentration is balanced but

A

volumes are changed

51
Q

Hypertonic

A

Water moves out cell shrinks/ erenates

52
Q

Hypertonic solutions have more

A

solute concentration

53
Q

Isotonic

A

equal solution

54
Q

Hypotonic

A

water moves in and cells swell

55
Q

Hypotonic solutions have more

A

water

56
Q

Active transport requires

A

ATP

57
Q

With active transport solutes move ____ the concentration gradient

A

Up

58
Q

What are the 2 types of active transport

A
  1. Primary active transport 2. Vesicular transport
59
Q

Primary active transport uses

A

a protein pump

60
Q

What is an example of a protein pump

A

Sodium potassium pump

61
Q

Sodium potassium pumps move ___ sodium ___ the cell

A

3 sodium outside the cell

62
Q

Sodium potassium pumps move _____ potassium _____ the cell

A

2 potassium inside the cell

63
Q

Sodium potassium pumps required ______ ATP

A

1

64
Q

What active transport process is used to move large items into or outside of the cell

A

Vesicular transport/ bulk transport

65
Q

Vesicular transport moves items via

A

vesicles

66
Q

Movement out of the cell

A

exocytosis

67
Q

Movement into the cell

A

endocytosis

68
Q

Engulfment of solid particles

A

Phagocytosis

69
Q

Engulfment of liquid particles

A

Pinocytosis

70
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Difference in ion concentration across the plasma membrane creates a difference in charge across the plasma membrane

71
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Studded with ribosomes and has a role in protein production/ folding

72
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis/ metabolism

73
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Sort, modify, and package proteins

74
Q

Lysosomes and peroxisomes

A

breakdown of wastes/ detoxification

75
Q

Mitochondria

A

Carry out aerobic cellular respiration

76
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein production

77
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Cell structure aid in cellular movement

78
Q

Proteasomes

A

Degrade unneeded or damaged proteins

79
Q

Centrosomes/ centrioles

A

Role in cell division

80
Q

What are the 4 Non-membrane-bound organelles

A
  1. Ribosomes 2. Cytoskeleton 3. Centrosomes 4. Proteasomes
81
Q

Hair like projections from cell surface that move substances along cell surface

A

Cilia

82
Q

Whip-like tail

A

Flagella

83
Q

Densely packed extension of PM surface that increase surface area for absorption

A

Microvilli

84
Q

What is the largest structure in the cell

A

Nucleus

85
Q

The nucleus is enclosed in a _______

A

double phospholipid membrane

86
Q

What is the double phospholipid membrane of the nucleus called

A

nuclear envelope

87
Q

What is the site of ribosome production in the nucleus

A

Nucleolus

88
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA

A

nucleotides

89
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

Direct cellular activity and protein synthesis

90
Q

DNA in non-dividing cells

A

chromatin

91
Q

DNA in a dividing cell

A

chromosomes

92
Q

What are nucleotides composed of

A

sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

93
Q

Segments of DNA that provide the instructions for the synthesis of proteins

A

Genes

94
Q

Genes provide the instructions for the synthesis of specific

A

Proteins

95
Q

What carries out protein synthesis and where

A

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm

96
Q

What are the 2 major phases of protein synthesis

A
  1. Transcription 2. Translation
97
Q

Transcription

A

DNA is split by RNA polymerase which makes mRNA

98
Q

Translation

A

Ribosome reads mRNA and protein is assembled based on those directions

99
Q

_____ cells undergo mitosis

A

Somatic

100
Q

What are the two major phases of the cell cycle

A
  1. Interphase 2. Mitosis
101
Q

How long does interphase last

A

23 hours

102
Q

How long does mitosis last

A

1 hour

103
Q

What does the cell cycle produce

A

2 identical daughter cells

104
Q

What are 3 purposes of cell division

A
  1. Growth 2. Maintenance 3. Repair
105
Q

What are the 3 sub-phases of interphase

A
  1. G1 phase 2. S phase 3. G2 phase
106
Q

G1 phase

A

growth and production of new organelles

107
Q

S phase

A

DNA is replicated

108
Q

G2 phase

A

centriole replication completed

109
Q

What is the division of the nucleus

A

Mitosis

110
Q

What are the 4 sub-phases of mitosis

A
  1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase

General A&P (23 decks)

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