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General A&P > Skeletal Muscle tissue > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 functions of skeletal muscle

A
  1. Voluntary movement 2. Sphincters regulate release of urine and feces 3. Body temperature regulation 4. Protection
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2
Q

What are 5 characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  1. Excitability 2. Conductivity 3. Contractility 4. Extensibility 5. Elasticity
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3
Q

Excitability

A

exhibits a resting state from which it can be excited

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4
Q

Conductivity

A

able to receive/carry impulses

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5
Q

Contractility

A

able to forcibly shorten from resting length

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6
Q

Extensibility

A

Able to extend beyond resting length

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7
Q

Elasticity

A

returns to resting length following shortening/lengthening

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8
Q

What are the levels of organization of a muscle

A
  1. Muscle 2. Fascicle 3. Muscle fiber 4. Myofibrils 5. Myofilaments
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9
Q

Muscles contain

A

Fascicles

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10
Q

Fascicles contain

A

Muscle fibers

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11
Q

Muscle fibers contain

A

Myofibrils

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12
Q

Myofibrils contain

A

Myofilaments

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13
Q

Muscles are surrounded by

A

Epimysium

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14
Q

Fascicles are surrounded by

A

Perimysium

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15
Q

Muscle fibers are surrounded by

A

Endomysium

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle tissue attachments

A
  1. Tendons 2. Aponeurosis
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17
Q

Tendon

A

Cord of dense regular CT

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18
Q

Tendons attach

A

muscles to bone

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19
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Thin sheet of CT

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20
Q

Aponeurosis attach

A

muscles to bone and sometimes other muscles

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21
Q

Point of origin

A

Less moveable site of attachment for a muscle

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22
Q

Point of insertion

A

More moveable site of attachment

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23
Q

What is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

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24
Q

What carries electrical impulse in a muscle cell

A

t-tubules

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25
Q

Where are t-tubules found

A

attached to the sarcolemma

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26
Q

What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell

A

sarcoplasm

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27
Q

What are the thick bundles of proteins capable of contracting muscle cells

A

myofibrils

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28
Q

What are the 2 types of myofibrils

A
  1. Thick filaments 2. Thin filaments
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29
Q

Thick filaments

A

composed of myosin

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30
Q

Thin filaments

A

composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin

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31
Q

What stores and releases calcium in muscle cells

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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32
Q

Because muscle cells have high energy demand they have lots of what 4 things

A
  1. Mitochondria 2. Myoglobin 3. Glycosomes 5. Creatinine phosphate
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33
Q

Myoglobin

A

binds oxygen

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34
Q

Glycosomes

A

stores glucose

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35
Q

Creatinine phosphate

A

used for immediate energy

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36
Q

Each thick myofilament has two ____ and two _____ wrapped around each other

A

heads and tails

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37
Q

Thick myofilaments have binding sites for ____ and ____

A

actin and ATP

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38
Q

The binding site for myosin on thin myofilaments is located on

A

actin

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39
Q

What protein in thin myofilaments is used to prevent binding when at rest

A

tropomyosin

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40
Q

What protein in thin myofilaments is used to expose binding sites on actin to allows binding

A

Troponin

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41
Q

When myosin binds to actin what happens

A

muscle contraction

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42
Q

What is the basic contractile units of muscle

A

Sarcomere

43
Q

What gives muscles its striated appearance

A

sarcomere

44
Q

What is the ends of the sarcomere

A

Z disc

45
Q

Muscle fibers exhibit

A

Resting membrane potential

46
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

resting state exhibited by excitable cells

47
Q

RMP of a muscle cell at rest

A

-90 mV

48
Q

A muscle membrane is considered _____ at rest

A

polarized

49
Q

Skeletal muscles fibers at rest have a high concentration of ____ and ______

A

extracellular sodium and intracellular potassium

50
Q

The inside of a skeletal muscle fiber at rest is

A

negatively charged

51
Q

Where is intracellular calcium stored

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

52
Q

Sarcomeres are in a ______ state when the muscle fiber is at rest

A

relaxed

53
Q

Skeletal muscle is innervated by

A

somatic motor neurons

54
Q

Motor unit

A

single somatic motor neuron and all muscle fibers it servers

55
Q

Smaller motor units =

A

more control

56
Q

Larger motor units =

A

less control

57
Q

The specific location where a motor neuron innervates a muscle cell

A

Neuromuscular junction

58
Q

What are the 3 components of a NMJ

A
  1. Synaptic knob 2. Synaptic cleft 3. Motor end plate
59
Q

Synaptic knob

A

end of somatic motor neuron

60
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

space between neuron and muscle cell

61
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released

A

Synaptic cleft

62
Q

Motor end plate

A

region of sarcolemma that contains neurotransmitter receptors

63
Q

In the termination of muscle contraction what enzyme is release to breakdown ACh in the synaptic cleft

A

Acetylcholinesterase

64
Q

In the termination of muscle contraction calcium returns where

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

65
Q

In the termination of muscle contraction ______ returns to relaxed state

A

sarcomeres

66
Q

Muscle cells can only store enough ATP for how much activity

A

5 seconds

67
Q

What are the 3 ways to generate ATP in skeletal muscle

A
  1. Immediate supply via phosphate transfer 2. Short-term supply via glycolysis 3. Long-term supply via aerobic cellular respiration
68
Q

Immediate supply via phosphate transfer provides how much energy

A

10 seconds

69
Q

What two sources can provide a phosphate for Immediate supply

A
  1. Creatinine phosphate 2. ADP
70
Q

Does Immediate supply require oxygen

A

No

71
Q

How many ATP are produced from immediate supply

A

1

72
Q

How much energy does short-term supply provide

A

60 seconds

73
Q

Short-term supply is also known as

A

glycolysis

74
Q

Short-term supply converts glucose to

A

pyruvate

75
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen

A

No

76
Q

How many ATP does short-term supply provide

A

2

77
Q

How much energy does long-term supply provide

A

from the 50-60 second mark until contraction ends

78
Q

Where does long-term supply occur

A

mitochondria of cells

79
Q

What is long-term supply also known as

A

cellular respiration

80
Q

What does long-term supply break down

A

pyruvate

81
Q

Does long-term supply require oxygen

A

yes

82
Q

How many ATP does long-term supply yield

A

30

83
Q

Oxygen debt

A

amount of oxygen needed to restore muscle to resting conditions

84
Q

Why does oxygen debt occur

A

the body’s demand for oxygen exceeds the body’s ability to deliver it to the cells

85
Q

Muscle fibers are classified by what 2 criteria

A
  1. Type of contraction generated 2. Means of supplying ATP
86
Q

What are the 2 types of classifications under type of muscle contraction generated

A
  1. Slow-twitch fibers 2. Fast-twitch fibers
87
Q

What are the 2 types of classifications under means of supplying ATP to muscle

A
  1. Oxidative fibers 2. Glycolytic fibers
88
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibers

A
  1. slow oxidative fibers (red) 2. Fast glycolytic fibers (white) 3. Fast oxidative fibers (pink)
89
Q

Slow oxidative fibers or “marathon” fibers use mostly _______ means of ATP production

A

aerobic

90
Q

Slow oxidative fibers are _______ to fatigue

A

slow

91
Q

Fast glycolytic fibers use mostly ______ means of ATP production

A

anaerobic

92
Q

Fast glycolytic fibers are ______ to fatigue

A

quick

93
Q

What type of exercise results in increased muscle vascularization, increased # of mitochondria, and stimulates myoglobin synthesis

A

Cardiovascular exercise

94
Q

what type of exercise results in muscle hypertrophy, increased strength, increased endurance, and increased bone density

A

Resistance exercise

95
Q

Little/no exercise leads to muscle ______

A

atrophy

96
Q

The overload principle

A

forcing a muscle to work hard promotes increased muscle strength and endurance

97
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle contraction

A
  1. Isometric contraction 2. Isotonic contraction
98
Q

Isometric contraction

A

muscle contracts but produces no movement

99
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

muscle contracts and produces movement

100
Q

What are the 2 types of Isotonic contraction

A
  1. Concentric 2. Eccentric
101
Q

Concentric

A

Shortens

102
Q

Eccentric

A

lengthens

103
Q

Calcium binds to ______ to displace tropomyosin and expose binding sites on actin

A

troponin

General A&P (23 decks)

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