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General A&P > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands produce

A

hormones

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2
Q

Endocrine gland’s hormones are released into the

A

blood steam where they will reach target cells

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3
Q

Exocrine glands produce

A

non-hormonal substances

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4
Q

The non-hormonal substances from exocrine glands are released

A

onto body surface or into body cavity via ducts

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5
Q

What are the 4 general functions of the endocrine system

A
  1. Regulating development and growth 2. Maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume 3. Controlling digestive processes 4. Controlling reproductive activity
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6
Q

Too much hormone is secreted

A

Hypersecretion

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7
Q

Too little hormone is secreted

A

Hyposecretion

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8
Q

Most hormone secretion is controlled by

A

negative feedback

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9
Q

Hormone release is regulated by

A

reflexes to stimuli

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10
Q

What 3 types of stimuli initiate hormone release

A
  1. Hormonal 2. Humoral 3. Nervous
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11
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

release of hormone stimulates a gland to release another hormone

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12
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

changes in the blood stimulate hormone release

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13
Q

Nervous stimuli

A

nervous system directly stimulates hormone release

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14
Q

What are the 2 categories of hormones based on chemical make-up

A
  1. Steroid-based hormones aka lipid-soluble hormones 2. Protein/amino acid-based hormones aka water soluble/non-steroid hormones
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15
Q

What are 2 steroid-based hormones

A
  1. Testosterone 2. Estrogen
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16
Q

What are 2 protein/amino acid-based hormones

A
  1. insulin 2. glucagon
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17
Q

Steroid/ lipid-soluble hormone can ______ ______ target cells

A

directly enter

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18
Q

Where are receptors located for steroid/lipid soluble hormone to bind to

A

inside the cell

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19
Q

Non-steroid/ water-soluble hormone can ____ _____ ________ target cells

A

not directly enter

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20
Q

Where are receptors located for non-steroid/ water-soluble hormone

A

outside the cell

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21
Q

Binding to receptors for non-steroid hormone activates

A

“second messenger” inside cell

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22
Q

A target cell’s response depends on what 2 things

A
  1. amount/ type of hormones binding 2. Number of receptors on target cell
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23
Q

Up-regulation _____ the number of receptors

A

increases

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24
Q

Up-regulation occurs when hormone levels are

A

low

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25
Q

Down-regulation ___ the number of receptors

A

decreases

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26
Q

Down- regulation occurs when hormone levels are

A

high

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27
Q

Hormones work together in

A

synergistic interaction

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28
Q

One hormone allows another hormone to work in

A

permissive interaction

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29
Q

If one hormone is missing in permissive interaction the effect is

A

decreased

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30
Q

Hormones have opposite effects in

A

antagonistic interaction

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31
Q

What are 2 synergistic interaction hormones

A

Testosterone and FSH

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32
Q

What are 2 permissive interaction hormones

A

TH and epinephrine

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33
Q

What are 2 antagonistic interaction hormones

A

glucagon and insulin

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34
Q

The hypothalamus has direct control over _____ and _____ over several other glands

A

the pituitary gland and indirect control over several other glands

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35
Q

Pituitary gland lies inferior to the

A

hypothalamus

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36
Q

What connects the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

A

a stalk called the infundibulum

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37
Q

What is the pituitary gland also known as

A

hypophysis

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38
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland

A
  1. Anterior lobe 2. Posterior lobe
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39
Q

What is the posterior pituitary also known as

A

neurohypophysis

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40
Q

What type of tissue is the posterior pituitary composed of

A

nervous

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41
Q

Is the posterior pituitary really a gland

A

No it has no glandular tissue and therefore cannot make hormones

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42
Q

What two hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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43
Q

What gland produces the 2 hormones stored in the posterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamus

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44
Q

What are 3 functions of oxytocin

A
  1. Stimulates uterine contractions during child birth 2. Stimulates milk release/letdown during breastfeeding 3. Role in social bonding
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45
Q

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Stimulates increased reabsorption of water by the kidneys

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46
Q

What condition can be caused by hyposecretion of ADH

A

Diabetes insipidus

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47
Q

What are 2 symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A
  1. Frequent urination 2. Intense thirst
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48
Q

What is the anterior pituitary also known as

A

adenohypophysis

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49
Q

What type of tissue is the anterior pituitary composed of

A

glandular

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50
Q

The anterior pituitary produces how many hormones

A

6

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51
Q

What regulates the production and release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamus

52
Q

What 2 regulatory hormones are produced by the hypothalamus

A
  1. Releasing hormones 2. Inhibiting hormones
53
Q

Releasing hormones ______ secretory activity of the anterior pituitary gland

A

increase

54
Q

Inhibiting hormones ________ secretory activity of the anterior pituitary gland

A

decrease

55
Q

What are the first 3 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. Andrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH 2. Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH 3. Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
56
Q

What are the second 3 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. Luteinizing hormone LH 2. Growth hormone GH 3. Prolactin PRL
57
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce/ secrete

A

thyroid hormones

58
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the _____ to produce/ secrete

A

adrenal cortex to produce/secrete corticosteroids

59
Q

What two anterior pituitary hormones are classified as gonadotropins

A
  1. Follicle stimulating hormone 2. Luteinizing hormone
60
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the development of

A

Follicles (sperm and egg)

61
Q

In males luteinizing hormone stimulates

A

testosterone production in the testes

62
Q

In females luteinizing hormone stimulates

A

ovulation

63
Q

Prolactin stimulates the production of

A

breast milk by the mammary glands

64
Q

Growth hormone stimulates ________ to release ______

A

hypatocytes (liver cells) to release insulin-like growth factor

65
Q

Growth hormone also stimulates ______ and ______ in the liver

A

glycogenolysis (breaking glycogen to glucose) and gluconeogenesis (making glucose from other molecules)

66
Q

IGF and GH together stimulate

A

protein synthesis and cellular growth

67
Q

What are 3 growth hormone disorders

A
  1. Pituitary dwarfism 2. gigantism 3. acromegaly
68
Q

Hyposecretion of GH during childhood causes

A

pituitary dwarfism

69
Q

Hypersecretion of GH during childhood causes

A

gigantism

70
Q

Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood causes

A

acromegaly

71
Q

What 2 types of cells does the thyroid gland contain

A
  1. follicular cells 2. parafollicular cells
72
Q

What 2 hormones does the thyroid produce

A
  1. Thyroid hormone 2. Calcitonin
73
Q

What are the 2 forms of thyroid hormone

A
  1. T3 2. T4
74
Q

Thyroid hormone requires _____ for production

A

Iodine

75
Q

What is the function of thyroid hormone

A

increases metabolic rate of cells

76
Q

Hyperthyroidism is also called

A

graves disease

77
Q

Hypothyroidism is also called

A

myxedema

78
Q

The parathyroid glands contain what two types of cells

A
  1. Chief cells 2. Oxyphil cells
79
Q

Chief cells produce

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

80
Q

Parathyroid hormone increases

A

blood calcium

81
Q

What are the 2 regions of the adrenals glands

A
  1. Adrenal cortex 2. Adrenal medulla
82
Q

The outer region of the adrenal glands is the

A

adrenal cortex

83
Q

The adrenal cortex makes ____ types of hormones

A

3

84
Q

The inner region of the adrenal glands is the

A

adrenal medulla

85
Q

The adrenal medulla makes _____ types of hormones

A

2

86
Q

What are the 3 adrenal cortex hormones

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Gonadocorticoids
87
Q

Which adrenal cortex hormone regulates electrolyte/ion levels

A

Mineralocorticoids

88
Q

What is one example of a mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

89
Q

Which adrenal cortex hormone regulates nutrient levels

A

Glucocorticoids

90
Q

What is an example of a glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

91
Q

Which adrenal cortex hormone is the sex hormones

A

Gonadocorticoids

92
Q

What is and example of a gonadocorticoid

A

Androgens

93
Q

Aldosterone stimulates _____ reabsorption by the kidneys

A

Na+ (sodium)

94
Q

What are 2 adrenal disorders

A
  1. Cushing syndrome 2. Addison disease
95
Q

Hypersecretion of corticosteroids causes

A

Cushing syndrome

96
Q

What are 2 symptoms of Cushing syndrome

A
  1. Obesity 2. Salt retention
97
Q

Hyposecretion of corticosteroids causes

A

Addison disease

98
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones are also known as

A

corticosteroids

99
Q

What are 2 symptoms of Addison disease

A
  1. Weight loss 2. Darkening of skin
100
Q

What 2 hormones does the adrenal medulla produce

A
  1. Epinephrine 2. Norepinephrine
101
Q

What is the function of the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla

A

Facilitate fight or flight response

102
Q

Where is the pancreas located

A

behind the stomach

103
Q

The pancreas has both ____ and ____ functions

A

endocrine and exocrine functions

104
Q

Cells in the pancreas that generate exocrine secretions for digestion

A

Acinar cells

105
Q

Contain clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas

A

Islets of langerhans

106
Q

What are the 2 types of endocrine cells in the pancreas

A
  1. Alpha cells 2. Beta cells
107
Q

Alpha cells produce what hormone

A

Glucagon

108
Q

Beta cells produce what hormone

A

Insulin

109
Q

Insulin _____ blood glucose levels

A

decreases

110
Q

How does insulin decrease blood glucose levels

A

stimulates the production of glycogen in liver cells and fat so the glucose in the blood moves to those organs

111
Q

Glucagon ______ blood glucose levels

A

Increases

112
Q

How does glucagon lower blood glucose levels

A

stimulates the production of glucose from existing gycogen in liver cells and fat break down in adipose tissue

113
Q

What are 2 Insulin Related disorders

A
  1. Type 1 Diabetes 2. Type 2 diabetes
114
Q

Type 1 diabetes causes

A

absent/diminished production of insulin

115
Q

When is type 1 diabetes commonly diagnosed

A

childhood

116
Q

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes

A

supplemental insulin

117
Q

Which type diabetes is more common

A

Type 2

118
Q

What is type 2 diabetes caused by

A

decreased insulin release or insulin effectiveness

119
Q

What is a major cause of development of type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity

120
Q

Type 2 diabetes is typically diagnosed in

A

adulthood

121
Q

What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes

A

Diet and exercise and some medications

122
Q

What are 3 gonadal hormones

A
  1. Testosterone 2. Estrogen 3. Progesterone
123
Q

Testosterone is produced by the male

A

testes

124
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone are produced by the female

A

Ovaries

125
Q

Where is the pineal gland located

A

diencephalon (epithalamus)

126
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete

A

melatonin

127
Q

What is the function of melatonin

A

Regulate the circadian rhythm

General A&P (23 decks)

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