Endocrine system Flashcards
Endocrine glands produce
hormones
Endocrine gland’s hormones are released into the
blood steam where they will reach target cells
Exocrine glands produce
non-hormonal substances
The non-hormonal substances from exocrine glands are released
onto body surface or into body cavity via ducts
What are the 4 general functions of the endocrine system
- Regulating development and growth 2. Maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume 3. Controlling digestive processes 4. Controlling reproductive activity
Too much hormone is secreted
Hypersecretion
Too little hormone is secreted
Hyposecretion
Most hormone secretion is controlled by
negative feedback
Hormone release is regulated by
reflexes to stimuli
What 3 types of stimuli initiate hormone release
- Hormonal 2. Humoral 3. Nervous
Hormonal stimuli
release of hormone stimulates a gland to release another hormone
Humoral stimuli
changes in the blood stimulate hormone release
Nervous stimuli
nervous system directly stimulates hormone release
What are the 2 categories of hormones based on chemical make-up
- Steroid-based hormones aka lipid-soluble hormones 2. Protein/amino acid-based hormones aka water soluble/non-steroid hormones
What are 2 steroid-based hormones
- Testosterone 2. Estrogen
What are 2 protein/amino acid-based hormones
- insulin 2. glucagon
Steroid/ lipid-soluble hormone can ______ ______ target cells
directly enter
Where are receptors located for steroid/lipid soluble hormone to bind to
inside the cell
Non-steroid/ water-soluble hormone can ____ _____ ________ target cells
not directly enter
Where are receptors located for non-steroid/ water-soluble hormone
outside the cell
Binding to receptors for non-steroid hormone activates
“second messenger” inside cell
A target cell’s response depends on what 2 things
- amount/ type of hormones binding 2. Number of receptors on target cell
Up-regulation _____ the number of receptors
increases
Up-regulation occurs when hormone levels are
low
Down-regulation ___ the number of receptors
decreases
Down- regulation occurs when hormone levels are
high
Hormones work together in
synergistic interaction
One hormone allows another hormone to work in
permissive interaction
If one hormone is missing in permissive interaction the effect is
decreased
Hormones have opposite effects in
antagonistic interaction
What are 2 synergistic interaction hormones
Testosterone and FSH
What are 2 permissive interaction hormones
TH and epinephrine
What are 2 antagonistic interaction hormones
glucagon and insulin
The hypothalamus has direct control over _____ and _____ over several other glands
the pituitary gland and indirect control over several other glands
Pituitary gland lies inferior to the
hypothalamus
What connects the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus
a stalk called the infundibulum
What is the pituitary gland also known as
hypophysis
What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland
- Anterior lobe 2. Posterior lobe
What is the posterior pituitary also known as
neurohypophysis
What type of tissue is the posterior pituitary composed of
nervous
Is the posterior pituitary really a gland
No it has no glandular tissue and therefore cannot make hormones
What two hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
What gland produces the 2 hormones stored in the posterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
What are 3 functions of oxytocin
- Stimulates uterine contractions during child birth 2. Stimulates milk release/letdown during breastfeeding 3. Role in social bonding
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Stimulates increased reabsorption of water by the kidneys
What condition can be caused by hyposecretion of ADH
Diabetes insipidus
What are 2 symptoms of diabetes insipidus
- Frequent urination 2. Intense thirst
What is the anterior pituitary also known as
adenohypophysis
What type of tissue is the anterior pituitary composed of
glandular
The anterior pituitary produces how many hormones
6
What regulates the production and release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
What 2 regulatory hormones are produced by the hypothalamus
- Releasing hormones 2. Inhibiting hormones
Releasing hormones ______ secretory activity of the anterior pituitary gland
increase
Inhibiting hormones ________ secretory activity of the anterior pituitary gland
decrease
What are the first 3 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland
- Andrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH 2. Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH 3. Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
What are the second 3 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland
- Luteinizing hormone LH 2. Growth hormone GH 3. Prolactin PRL
Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce/ secrete
thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the _____ to produce/ secrete
adrenal cortex to produce/secrete corticosteroids
What two anterior pituitary hormones are classified as gonadotropins
- Follicle stimulating hormone 2. Luteinizing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the development of
Follicles (sperm and egg)
In males luteinizing hormone stimulates
testosterone production in the testes
In females luteinizing hormone stimulates
ovulation
Prolactin stimulates the production of
breast milk by the mammary glands
Growth hormone stimulates ________ to release ______
hypatocytes (liver cells) to release insulin-like growth factor
Growth hormone also stimulates ______ and ______ in the liver
glycogenolysis (breaking glycogen to glucose) and gluconeogenesis (making glucose from other molecules)
IGF and GH together stimulate
protein synthesis and cellular growth
What are 3 growth hormone disorders
- Pituitary dwarfism 2. gigantism 3. acromegaly
Hyposecretion of GH during childhood causes
pituitary dwarfism
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood causes
gigantism
Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood causes
acromegaly
What 2 types of cells does the thyroid gland contain
- follicular cells 2. parafollicular cells
What 2 hormones does the thyroid produce
- Thyroid hormone 2. Calcitonin
What are the 2 forms of thyroid hormone
- T3 2. T4
Thyroid hormone requires _____ for production
Iodine
What is the function of thyroid hormone
increases metabolic rate of cells
Hyperthyroidism is also called
graves disease
Hypothyroidism is also called
myxedema
The parathyroid glands contain what two types of cells
- Chief cells 2. Oxyphil cells
Chief cells produce
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid hormone increases
blood calcium
What are the 2 regions of the adrenals glands
- Adrenal cortex 2. Adrenal medulla
The outer region of the adrenal glands is the
adrenal cortex
The adrenal cortex makes ____ types of hormones
3
The inner region of the adrenal glands is the
adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla makes _____ types of hormones
2
What are the 3 adrenal cortex hormones
- Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Gonadocorticoids
Which adrenal cortex hormone regulates electrolyte/ion levels
Mineralocorticoids
What is one example of a mineralocorticoid
Aldosterone
Which adrenal cortex hormone regulates nutrient levels
Glucocorticoids
What is an example of a glucocorticoid
Cortisol
Which adrenal cortex hormone is the sex hormones
Gonadocorticoids
What is and example of a gonadocorticoid
Androgens
Aldosterone stimulates _____ reabsorption by the kidneys
Na+ (sodium)
What are 2 adrenal disorders
- Cushing syndrome 2. Addison disease
Hypersecretion of corticosteroids causes
Cushing syndrome
What are 2 symptoms of Cushing syndrome
- Obesity 2. Salt retention
Hyposecretion of corticosteroids causes
Addison disease
Adrenal cortex hormones are also known as
corticosteroids
What are 2 symptoms of Addison disease
- Weight loss 2. Darkening of skin
What 2 hormones does the adrenal medulla produce
- Epinephrine 2. Norepinephrine
What is the function of the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla
Facilitate fight or flight response
Where is the pancreas located
behind the stomach
The pancreas has both ____ and ____ functions
endocrine and exocrine functions
Cells in the pancreas that generate exocrine secretions for digestion
Acinar cells
Contain clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas
Islets of langerhans
What are the 2 types of endocrine cells in the pancreas
- Alpha cells 2. Beta cells
Alpha cells produce what hormone
Glucagon
Beta cells produce what hormone
Insulin
Insulin _____ blood glucose levels
decreases
How does insulin decrease blood glucose levels
stimulates the production of glycogen in liver cells and fat so the glucose in the blood moves to those organs
Glucagon ______ blood glucose levels
Increases
How does glucagon lower blood glucose levels
stimulates the production of glucose from existing gycogen in liver cells and fat break down in adipose tissue
What are 2 Insulin Related disorders
- Type 1 Diabetes 2. Type 2 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes causes
absent/diminished production of insulin
When is type 1 diabetes commonly diagnosed
childhood
What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes
supplemental insulin
Which type diabetes is more common
Type 2
What is type 2 diabetes caused by
decreased insulin release or insulin effectiveness
What is a major cause of development of type 2 diabetes
Obesity
Type 2 diabetes is typically diagnosed in
adulthood
What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes
Diet and exercise and some medications
What are 3 gonadal hormones
- Testosterone 2. Estrogen 3. Progesterone
Testosterone is produced by the male
testes
Estrogen and Progesterone are produced by the female
Ovaries
Where is the pineal gland located
diencephalon (epithalamus)
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete
melatonin
What is the function of melatonin
Regulate the circadian rhythm
