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General A&P > Nervous system pt.2 > Flashcards

Nervous system pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS communicates with peripheral body structures through

A

pathways

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2
Q

Pathways can either be _____ or ___

A

sensory (signals toward CNS) or motor (signals away from CNS)

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3
Q

Sensory pathways are also called

A

ascending pathways

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4
Q

Sensory pathways relay input from ____ to the ____

A

receptors to the brain

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5
Q

Sensory pathways use a series of ________ to transmit nerve signals from _____ to ____

A

2-3 neurons to transmit nerve signals from body to brain

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6
Q

Process stimuli received from receptors within skin, muscles and joints

A

Somatosensory pathways

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7
Q

Process stimuli from vicera

A

Viscrosensory pathways

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8
Q

What are the 3 somatosensory pathways

A
  1. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway 2. Spinocerebellar pathway 3. Spinothalmic pathway
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9
Q

Which somatosensory pathway detects light touch

A

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

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10
Q

Which somatosensory pathway deals with muscle coordination

A

spinocerebellar pathway

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11
Q

Which somatosensory pathway deals with crude touch

A

Spinothalamic pathway

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12
Q

Motor pathways are also called

A

descending pathways

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13
Q

Motor pathways originate from what 3 places

A
  1. Cerebral cortex 2. Cerebral nuclei 3. Brainstem
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14
Q

What are the primary effectors of motor pathways

A

Skeletal muscle

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15
Q

Motor pathways involve a ________ leading from brain to muscle

A

2- neuron chain

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16
Q

What is an example of a motor pathway

A

Corticospinal tract

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17
Q

What motor pathway is responsible for most voluntary muscle movement

A

Corticospinal tract

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18
Q

Involuntary, preprogrammed, rapid responses to specific stimuli

A

Reflex

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19
Q

Awareness of a reflex occurs

A

after the action is complete

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20
Q

What are the 5 classifications of reflexes

A
  1. Spinal vs. Cranial 2. Somatic vs. Visceral 3. Monosynaptic vs. Polysynaptic 4. Ipsilateral vs. contralateral 5. Innate vs. Acquired
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21
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

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22
Q

contralateral

A

different sides

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23
Q

What are the 5 components of a reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Interneuron 4. Motor neuron 5. Effector
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24
Q

What type of reflex involves movement in response to a painful stimulus

A

Withdrawal reflex

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25
Q

What type of reflex is the withdrawal reflex

A

Spinal, somatic, ipsilateral reflex

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26
Q

What type of reflex often happens in conjunction with withdrawal reflex

A

crossed-extensor reflex

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27
Q

What type of reflex is crossed-extensor reflex

A

Spinal, somatic, contralateral reflex

28
Q

The somatic motor division is responsible for ___ output

29
Q

What is the main effector of the somatic motor division

A

skeletal muscle

30
Q

Autonomic motor division is responsible for _____ output

A

involuntary

31
Q

What are the 3 effectors of the autonomic motor division

A
  1. Cardiac 2. Smooth muscle 3. Glands
32
Q

What can the autonomic motor division be subdivided into

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

33
Q

Sympathetic division is also called

A

fight or flight response

34
Q

The primary focus of the sympathetic division is

A

maintain homeostasis in “emergency” situations

35
Q

The parasympathetic division is also called

A

Rest and Digest

36
Q

What is the primary focus of the parasympathetic division

A

maintain homeostasis when body is at rest

37
Q

Most organs of the body have dual ______ and ______ with antagonistic effects

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

38
Q

Some organs have only what type of innervation

A

sympathetic

39
Q

What 3 organs have only Sympathetic innervation

A
  1. Blood vessels 2. Arrector pili and sweat glands 3. Adrenal medulla
40
Q

What is the general function of any sensory receptor

A

respond to stimulus and initiate sensory input to CNS

41
Q

Converting stimulus into an electrical impulse

A

transduction

42
Q

What 3 things can classify receptors

A
  1. Distribution 2. Stimulus origin 3. Modality of stimulus
43
Q

Receptors distributed widely throughout the body

A

general sense receptors

44
Q

What is an example of a general sense receptor

A

touch receptors

45
Q

Receptors found only in the head (housed inside specialized, complex sense organs)

A

special sense receptors

46
Q

What is an example of special sense receptors

A

photoreceptors of eye

47
Q

What are the 2 classifications of sensory receptors by distribution

A
  1. General sense receptors 2. Special sense receptors
48
Q

What are the 3 classifications of sensory receptors by stimulus origin

A
  1. exterorecptors 2. interoreceptors 3. proprioceptors
49
Q

Receptors that detect stimuli from outside of the body

A

exterorecptors

50
Q

Receptors that detect stimuli from inside of the body

A

interorecptors

51
Q

Receptors that detect stimuli body and limb movement

A

proprioceptors

52
Q

What are the 5 classifications of sensory receptors by modality of stimulus

A
  1. Chemoreceptors 2. Thermoreceptors 3. Photoreceptors 4. Barorecptors/mechanoreceptors 5. Nociceptors
53
Q

Detect chemicals dissolved in liquid

A

chemoreceptors

54
Q

Respond to changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

55
Q

Respond to light

A

Photoreceptors

56
Q

Respond to distortion of plasma membrane due to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

A

Baroreceptors/ mechanoreceptors

57
Q

Respond to painful stimuli

A

Nociceptors

58
Q

What are the 5 special sense

A
  1. Olfaction 2. Gustation (taste) 3. Vision 4. Hearing 5. Equilibrium
59
Q

Olfaction is the detection of

A

volatile molecules

60
Q

What type of receptors are involved in olfaction

A

chemoreceptors

61
Q

In smell the input is transmitted along

A

Olfactory nerve/cranial nerve 1

62
Q

Gustation is the detection of chemicals

A

dissolved in saliva

63
Q

What type of receptors are involved in gustation

A

chemoreceptors

64
Q

Where are the chemoreceptors for gustation housed

A

taste buds

65
Q

In gustation the input is transmitted along

A

facial nerve/ cranial nerve 7 and glossopharyngeal nerve/ cranial nerve 9

66
Q

What are the 5 taste sensations

A
  1. sweet 2. salty 3. sour 4. bitter 5 umami (savory)

General A&P (23 decks)

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