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General A&P > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration is gas exchange of what 2 gases

A

O2 and CO2

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2
Q

Cells need ______ for areobic ATP production and must dispose of ______ that is produced as a result

A

oxygen for areobic ATP production and must dipose of CO2 that is produced as a result

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3
Q

The respiratory system consists of respiratory passageways in what 4 places

A
  1. Head 2. Neck 3. Trunk 4 Lungs
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4
Q

What are the 6 functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Air distribution 2. Gas exchange 3. Protection 4. Production of sound 5. Detection of odors 6. Regulation of blood pH
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5
Q

What are the 2 stuctural organizations of the respiratory system

A
  1. Upper respiratory tract 2. Lower respiratory tract
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6
Q

what are the 2 functional organizations of the respiratory system

A
  1. Conducting zone 2. Respiratory zone
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7
Q

Structures that transport air (no gas exchange)

A

Conducting zone

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8
Q

Structures where gas exchange actively occurs

A

Respiratory zone

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9
Q

The upper and lower tract split before

A

the trachea

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10
Q

Includes everything from the nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

A

Conducting zone

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11
Q

Includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolarducts, and alveoli

A

Respiratory zone

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12
Q

From top to bottom the epithelium of the respiratory system

A

gets thinner

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13
Q

What is the lining of the respiratory tract known as

A

Respiratory mucosa

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14
Q

Tissue that lines the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharnx, trachea, inferior portion of larynx, main bronchi, and lobar bronchi

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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15
Q

Tissue that forms both the alveolar ducts and alveoli

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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16
Q

What is the first conducting structure for inhaled air

A

nose and nasal cavity

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17
Q

Nasal cavity is formed by what 4 things

A
  1. Bone 2. Cartilage 3. Dense irregular CT and skin
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18
Q

What divides the nasal cavities

A

nasal septum

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19
Q

What structures in the nose produce turbulance

A

nasal conchae/ turbinates

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20
Q

What is the purpose of nasal conchae

A

produce turbulence to slow flow of air and condition as it enters the body

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21
Q

What does the roof of the nasal cavity contain

A

olfactory region

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22
Q

The paranasal sinuses are

A

open spaces in the skulls

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23
Q

The paranasal sinuses are all interconnected by

A

ducts to the nasal cavity

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24
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses

A
  1. Frontal 2. Maxillary 3. Sphenoid 4. Ethmoid
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25
Q

What are the 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses

A
  1. Condition air 2. Resonate sound 3. Lighten skull
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26
Q

The paranasal sinuses are lined with

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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27
Q

The nasal cavity is lined with

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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28
Q

What are the 3 portions of the Pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharnx
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29
Q

superior portion of the pharynx lined with PS columnar epithelium

A

Nasopharynx

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30
Q

The nasopharynx only serves as

A

a passageway for air

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31
Q

The nasopharynx connects to middle ear via

A

auditory tube

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32
Q

The nasopharynx contains

A

tonsils

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33
Q

Middle region of the pharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium

A

Oropharynx

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34
Q

The oropharynx is a passageway for

A

air and food

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35
Q

Inferior region of the pharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium

A

Laryngopharynx

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36
Q

The laryngopharynx is a passageway for

A

air and food

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37
Q

The larynx is also known as

A

The voicebox

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38
Q

What are 3 cartilages in the larynx

A
  1. epiglottis 2. Thyroid cartilage 3. Cricoid cartilage
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39
Q

Where is the larynx located

A

between the laryngopharyx and trachea

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40
Q

What are 2 important functions of the larynx

A
  1. Prevents passage of food/ liquid into lungs 2. Produces vocal sounds
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41
Q

What structure in the larynx stops food and liquid

A

epiglotis

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42
Q

What structure in the laynx produces vocals sounds

A

vocal folds

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43
Q

The trachea is also called the

A

wind pipe

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44
Q

The trachea spans from

A

larynx to main bronchi

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45
Q

The trachea is anterior to the

A

esophagus

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46
Q

The anterior walls of the trachea are supported by

A

c-shaped cartilaginous rings

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47
Q

What is the function of the trachea

A

passageway for air

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48
Q

The bronchial tree is a system of

A

highly branched air passages

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49
Q

Where does the bronchial tree originate

A

Carina of trachea

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50
Q

What are the 3 main branchings of brachial tubes largest to smallest

A
  1. primary main bronchi 2. secondary/ lobar bronhi 3. tertiary/ segmental bronchi
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51
Q

After much more branching segmental bronchi eventually become

A

Bronchioles

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52
Q

Bronchioles branch into what 4 things

A
  1. terminal bronchioles 2. respiratory bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. alveoli
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53
Q

Conduction zone ends at the

A

terminal bronchioles

54
Q

Trachea splits into

A

right and left main bronchi

55
Q

What is the surface where right and left main bronchi enter a lung

A

hilum

56
Q

Histology of the bronchial tree changes as

A

the branches get smaller

57
Q

Larger bronchi contain more

A

Hyaline cartilage

58
Q

Bronchiole walls are dominated by

A

smooth muscle tissue

59
Q

Contraction of bronchioles leads to

A

bronchoconstriction which narrows the air ways and decreases air flow

60
Q

Relaxation of bronchioles leads to

A

bronchodilatioin which opens/ dilates the airways to increase airflow

61
Q

The respiratory zone includes the

A

respiratory bronchioles which branch into alveolar ducts

62
Q

alveolar ducts then terminate into

A

alveoli

63
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are linned with

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

64
Q

Alveolar ducts and alveoli are lined with

A

simple squamous epithelium

65
Q

Why are alveolar ducts and alveoli lined with simple squamous epithelim

A

better facilitate gas exchange

66
Q

Each lung contains how many alveoli

A

about 250 million

67
Q

The alveoli are surrounded by

A

pulmonary capilaries

68
Q

What substance reduces surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse

A

Surfactant

69
Q

Alveoli also contain

A

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

70
Q

Alveoli are the location where what 2 things happen

A
  1. Alveolar gas exchange 2. Systemic respiration
71
Q

O2 from alveoli moves into _______ during alveolar gas exchange

A

pulmonary capillaries

72
Q

CO2 from pulmonary capillaries moves into ______ during alveolar gas exchange

A

alveoli

73
Q

Occurs when gases are exchanged between sytemic capillary blood and interstitial fluid around body cells

A

systemic gas exchange/ internal respiration

74
Q

Lungs are in the ______ on either side of the _______

A

thorax on either side of the mediastinum

75
Q

The lungs house

A

the bronchial tree and all respiratory structures

76
Q

What is the pointed superior region of the lungs called

A

apex

77
Q

The wide base of the lungs sits atop the

A

diaphragm

78
Q

Indented medial region of lungs where bronchi, pulmonary vessels, autonomic nerves and lymph vessels pass through

A

hilum

79
Q

Develops from infection/ inflammation of lobules of lungs

A

Pneumonia

80
Q

Pneumonia causes

A

fluid to accumulate in alveoli

81
Q

During Pneumonia respiratory bronchioles swell and

A

restrict airflow

82
Q

Pneumonia is more likely to develop when

A

respiratory defenses are already compromised

83
Q

The right lung has how many lobes

A

3

84
Q

The left lung has how many lobes

A

2

85
Q

The pleura is a

A

serous membrane that provides lubrication for movement

86
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pleura

A
  1. Visceral pleura 2. Parietal pleura
87
Q

Layer that adheres to lungs surface

A

Visceral pleura

88
Q

Layer that lines internal thoracic walls, lateral mediastinum, and superior surface of diaphragm

A

Parietal pleura

89
Q

What is the fluid-filled space between the visceral and parietal layers of membrane

A

Pleural cavity

90
Q

Pressure inside lungs/ alveoli

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

91
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure is approximately

A

equal to atmospheric pressure

92
Q

pressure inside the pleural cavity

A

Intrapleural pressure

93
Q

Intrapleural pressure is

A

lower than intrapulmonary pressure which makes the lungs cling to chest wall from surface tension

94
Q

Introduction of air into pleural cavity

A

Pneumothorax

95
Q

Collapse of lung

A

Atelectasis

96
Q

Physical movement of air into/ out of lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation

97
Q

what are the two cyclic phases of pulmonary ventilation

A
  1. inspiration 2. Expiration
98
Q

Taking air into the lungs

A

Inspiration

99
Q

Moving air out of the lungs

A

Expiration

100
Q

Quiet breathing occurs when

A

the body is at rest

101
Q

Forced breathing occurs during

A

exertion

102
Q

During inspiration the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

A

contract

103
Q

During inspiration thoracic cavity volume

A

increases

104
Q

During inspiration thoracic cavity pressure

A

decreases

105
Q

During expiration diaphragm and external intercostals

A

relax

106
Q

During expiration internal intercostal muscles

A

contract

107
Q

During expiration thoracic cavity volume

A

decreases

108
Q

during expiration thoracic cavity pressure

A

increases

109
Q

According to boyle’s law at constant temperature pressure and volume are

A

inversely related

110
Q

Alveolar gas exchange is diffusion of gases across

A

the respiratory membrane

111
Q

What is alveolar gas exchange influenced by

A

differences in partial pressure

112
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen is high in ______ and low in ______

A

alveoli and low in pulmonary capillary blood

113
Q

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is ______ in pulmonary capillary blood and _______ in alveoli

A

High in pulmonary capillary blood and low in alveoli

114
Q

Around 98% of oxygen is transported on

A

hemoglobin in RBCs

115
Q

Around 70% of carbon dioxide is transported

A

as bicarbonate ions

116
Q

Systemic gas exchange is the diffusion of gases between

A

systemic capillaries and tissues

117
Q

Systemic gas exchange is governed by

A

differences in partial pressure

118
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen is high in ______ and low in _______ (systemic gas exchange)

A

capillary blood and low in tissues

119
Q

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is relatively high in _______ and low in ______ (systemic gas exchange)

A

tissues and low in capillary blood

120
Q

Respiratory centers of the brain are located in what 2 places

A
  1. Medulla Oblongata 2. Pons
121
Q

Respiratory centers are responsive to what 3 things

A
  1. Chemoreceptors 2. Baroreceptors 3. Irritation of respiratory mucosa
122
Q

Chemoreceptors especially respond to changes in _____ in blood and CSF

A

CO2

123
Q

Where are the Baroreceptors involved with breathing located

A

aortic and carotid sinuses

124
Q

The medulla oblongata houses what 2 groups of innervation

A
  1. dorsal respiratory group 2. Ventral respiratory group
125
Q

Innervates diaphragm and external intercostals ; functions in every respiratory cycle

A

Dorsal respiratory group

126
Q

Innervates accessory respiratory muscles; only active during forced breathing

A

Ventral respiratory group

127
Q

The pons houses what 2 signal centers

A
  1. Apneustic center 2. Pneumotaxic center
128
Q

Stimulates inspiratory neurons

A

Apneustic center

129
Q

Sends inhibiting signals to inspiratory center of medulla

A

Pneumotaxic center

130
Q

Amount of air moved in/ out of the lungs in one minute

A

Pulmonary ventilation

131
Q

Amount of air inhaled / exhaled at rest

A

Tidal volume

132
Q

of breaths/ minute

A

Respiration rate

General A&P (23 decks)

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