Respiratory system Flashcards
Respiration is gas exchange of what 2 gases
O2 and CO2
Cells need ______ for areobic ATP production and must dispose of ______ that is produced as a result
oxygen for areobic ATP production and must dipose of CO2 that is produced as a result
The respiratory system consists of respiratory passageways in what 4 places
- Head 2. Neck 3. Trunk 4 Lungs
What are the 6 functions of the respiratory system
- Air distribution 2. Gas exchange 3. Protection 4. Production of sound 5. Detection of odors 6. Regulation of blood pH
What are the 2 stuctural organizations of the respiratory system
- Upper respiratory tract 2. Lower respiratory tract
what are the 2 functional organizations of the respiratory system
- Conducting zone 2. Respiratory zone
Structures that transport air (no gas exchange)
Conducting zone
Structures where gas exchange actively occurs
Respiratory zone
The upper and lower tract split before
the trachea
Includes everything from the nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles
Conducting zone
Includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolarducts, and alveoli
Respiratory zone
From top to bottom the epithelium of the respiratory system
gets thinner
What is the lining of the respiratory tract known as
Respiratory mucosa
Tissue that lines the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharnx, trachea, inferior portion of larynx, main bronchi, and lobar bronchi
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Tissue that forms both the alveolar ducts and alveoli
Simple squamous epithelium
What is the first conducting structure for inhaled air
nose and nasal cavity
Nasal cavity is formed by what 4 things
- Bone 2. Cartilage 3. Dense irregular CT and skin
What divides the nasal cavities
nasal septum
What structures in the nose produce turbulance
nasal conchae/ turbinates
What is the purpose of nasal conchae
produce turbulence to slow flow of air and condition as it enters the body
What does the roof of the nasal cavity contain
olfactory region
The paranasal sinuses are
open spaces in the skulls
The paranasal sinuses are all interconnected by
ducts to the nasal cavity
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses
- Frontal 2. Maxillary 3. Sphenoid 4. Ethmoid
What are the 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses
- Condition air 2. Resonate sound 3. Lighten skull
The paranasal sinuses are lined with
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
The nasal cavity is lined with
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What are the 3 portions of the Pharynx
- Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharnx
superior portion of the pharynx lined with PS columnar epithelium
Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx only serves as
a passageway for air
The nasopharynx connects to middle ear via
auditory tube
The nasopharynx contains
tonsils
Middle region of the pharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Oropharynx
The oropharynx is a passageway for
air and food
Inferior region of the pharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
The laryngopharynx is a passageway for
air and food
The larynx is also known as
The voicebox
What are 3 cartilages in the larynx
- epiglottis 2. Thyroid cartilage 3. Cricoid cartilage
Where is the larynx located
between the laryngopharyx and trachea
What are 2 important functions of the larynx
- Prevents passage of food/ liquid into lungs 2. Produces vocal sounds
What structure in the larynx stops food and liquid
epiglotis
What structure in the laynx produces vocals sounds
vocal folds
The trachea is also called the
wind pipe
The trachea spans from
larynx to main bronchi
The trachea is anterior to the
esophagus
The anterior walls of the trachea are supported by
c-shaped cartilaginous rings
What is the function of the trachea
passageway for air
The bronchial tree is a system of
highly branched air passages
Where does the bronchial tree originate
Carina of trachea
What are the 3 main branchings of brachial tubes largest to smallest
- primary main bronchi 2. secondary/ lobar bronhi 3. tertiary/ segmental bronchi
After much more branching segmental bronchi eventually become
Bronchioles
Bronchioles branch into what 4 things
- terminal bronchioles 2. respiratory bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. alveoli
Conduction zone ends at the
terminal bronchioles
Trachea splits into
right and left main bronchi
What is the surface where right and left main bronchi enter a lung
hilum
Histology of the bronchial tree changes as
the branches get smaller
Larger bronchi contain more
Hyaline cartilage
Bronchiole walls are dominated by
smooth muscle tissue
Contraction of bronchioles leads to
bronchoconstriction which narrows the air ways and decreases air flow
Relaxation of bronchioles leads to
bronchodilatioin which opens/ dilates the airways to increase airflow
The respiratory zone includes the
respiratory bronchioles which branch into alveolar ducts
alveolar ducts then terminate into
alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles are linned with
simple cuboidal epithelium
Alveolar ducts and alveoli are lined with
simple squamous epithelium
Why are alveolar ducts and alveoli lined with simple squamous epithelim
better facilitate gas exchange
Each lung contains how many alveoli
about 250 million
The alveoli are surrounded by
pulmonary capilaries
What substance reduces surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse
Surfactant
Alveoli also contain
alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
Alveoli are the location where what 2 things happen
- Alveolar gas exchange 2. Systemic respiration
O2 from alveoli moves into _______ during alveolar gas exchange
pulmonary capillaries
CO2 from pulmonary capillaries moves into ______ during alveolar gas exchange
alveoli
Occurs when gases are exchanged between sytemic capillary blood and interstitial fluid around body cells
systemic gas exchange/ internal respiration
Lungs are in the ______ on either side of the _______
thorax on either side of the mediastinum
The lungs house
the bronchial tree and all respiratory structures
What is the pointed superior region of the lungs called
apex
The wide base of the lungs sits atop the
diaphragm
Indented medial region of lungs where bronchi, pulmonary vessels, autonomic nerves and lymph vessels pass through
hilum
Develops from infection/ inflammation of lobules of lungs
Pneumonia
Pneumonia causes
fluid to accumulate in alveoli
During Pneumonia respiratory bronchioles swell and
restrict airflow
Pneumonia is more likely to develop when
respiratory defenses are already compromised
The right lung has how many lobes
3
The left lung has how many lobes
2
The pleura is a
serous membrane that provides lubrication for movement
What are the 2 layers of the pleura
- Visceral pleura 2. Parietal pleura
Layer that adheres to lungs surface
Visceral pleura
Layer that lines internal thoracic walls, lateral mediastinum, and superior surface of diaphragm
Parietal pleura
What is the fluid-filled space between the visceral and parietal layers of membrane
Pleural cavity
Pressure inside lungs/ alveoli
Intrapulmonary pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure is approximately
equal to atmospheric pressure
pressure inside the pleural cavity
Intrapleural pressure
Intrapleural pressure is
lower than intrapulmonary pressure which makes the lungs cling to chest wall from surface tension
Introduction of air into pleural cavity
Pneumothorax
Collapse of lung
Atelectasis
Physical movement of air into/ out of lungs
Pulmonary ventilation
what are the two cyclic phases of pulmonary ventilation
- inspiration 2. Expiration
Taking air into the lungs
Inspiration
Moving air out of the lungs
Expiration
Quiet breathing occurs when
the body is at rest
Forced breathing occurs during
exertion
During inspiration the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
contract
During inspiration thoracic cavity volume
increases
During inspiration thoracic cavity pressure
decreases
During expiration diaphragm and external intercostals
relax
During expiration internal intercostal muscles
contract
During expiration thoracic cavity volume
decreases
during expiration thoracic cavity pressure
increases
According to boyle’s law at constant temperature pressure and volume are
inversely related
Alveolar gas exchange is diffusion of gases across
the respiratory membrane
What is alveolar gas exchange influenced by
differences in partial pressure
Partial pressure of oxygen is high in ______ and low in ______
alveoli and low in pulmonary capillary blood
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is ______ in pulmonary capillary blood and _______ in alveoli
High in pulmonary capillary blood and low in alveoli
Around 98% of oxygen is transported on
hemoglobin in RBCs
Around 70% of carbon dioxide is transported
as bicarbonate ions
Systemic gas exchange is the diffusion of gases between
systemic capillaries and tissues
Systemic gas exchange is governed by
differences in partial pressure
Partial pressure of oxygen is high in ______ and low in _______ (systemic gas exchange)
capillary blood and low in tissues
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is relatively high in _______ and low in ______ (systemic gas exchange)
tissues and low in capillary blood
Respiratory centers of the brain are located in what 2 places
- Medulla Oblongata 2. Pons
Respiratory centers are responsive to what 3 things
- Chemoreceptors 2. Baroreceptors 3. Irritation of respiratory mucosa
Chemoreceptors especially respond to changes in _____ in blood and CSF
CO2
Where are the Baroreceptors involved with breathing located
aortic and carotid sinuses
The medulla oblongata houses what 2 groups of innervation
- dorsal respiratory group 2. Ventral respiratory group
Innervates diaphragm and external intercostals ; functions in every respiratory cycle
Dorsal respiratory group
Innervates accessory respiratory muscles; only active during forced breathing
Ventral respiratory group
The pons houses what 2 signal centers
- Apneustic center 2. Pneumotaxic center
Stimulates inspiratory neurons
Apneustic center
Sends inhibiting signals to inspiratory center of medulla
Pneumotaxic center
Amount of air moved in/ out of the lungs in one minute
Pulmonary ventilation
Amount of air inhaled / exhaled at rest
Tidal volume
of breaths/ minute
Respiration rate
