Reproductive system Flashcards
What are 2 functions of the reproductive system
- Production of gamates/sex cells 2. Production of hormones
Both male and female reproductive tracts are mostly nonfunctional until
puberty
The release of what hormone from where stimulates puberty
gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the secretion of ___ and ____ from ______ gland which stimulates the gonads
FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland
Male gamate
sperm
Female gamate
egg/ ovum/ oocyte
Gamates are produced by
meiosis
Gamates are ______ cells
haploid
Male gamate production begins at
puberty
Female games are all produced
before birth and one egg matures with each menstrual cycle
Goal of meiosis is
produce genetically unique haploid daughter cells
Primary female reproductive organ
ovaries
Ovarian follicle
egg and follicular cells
What are the 4 accessory organs of the female reproductive system
- Fallopian tubes 2. Uterus 3. Vagina 4. Vulva
Ovarian follicles are housed within
the ovaries
What are the 7 stages of follicular development in females
- Primordial follicle 2. Primary follicle 3. Secondary follicle 4. Mature follicle 5. Ovulation 6. Corpus luteum 7. Corpus albicans
How long is the ovarian cycle
approximately 28 days
What are the 3 stages of the ovarian cycle
- Follicular phase 2. Ovulation 3. Luteal phase
Follicular phase is days
1-13
Ovulation is day
14
Luteal phase is days
15-28
The follicular phase is characterized by rising levels of
FSH and LH
Rising levels of FSH and LH in the follicular phase triggers
a clutch of primordial follicles to start developing
What other hormone is also increasing during the follicular phase
estrogen
Release of the oocyte form the mature follicle
ovulation
Ovulation occurs when _____ levels peak
LH
Phase when ruptured follicle cells become corpus luteum
Luteal phase
The corpus luteum secretes _____ and _____ that stabilize and build up the uterine lining
progesterone and estrogen
If the oocyte is not fertilized the corpus luteum degenerates to
corpus albicans
When the corpus albicans develops the _____ occurs
mestrual period
If the oocyte is fertilized the corpus luteum
continues to secrete hormones through the first trimester
What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle
- Menstrual phase 2. Proliferative phase 3. Secretory phase
Menstrual phase is days
1-5
Proliferative phase is days
6-14
Secretory phase is days
15-28
Period of menstrual bleeding following steep decline in hormone levels
Menstrual phase
Phase when the uterine wall rebuilds in response to increasing hormone levels
Proliferative phase
continued increase in uterine wall buildup following development of corpus luteum
Secretory phase
Transport ovulated egg to uterus
Fallopian tube
What are the 3 regions of the fallopian tube
- Fimbriae 2. Infundibulum 3. Ampulla
Where does fertilization usually occur
Ampulla
What are the 3 major regions of the uterus
- Fundus 2. body 3. cervix
What is the site of implantation
Uterus
What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall
- Perimetrium 2. Myometrium 3. Endometrium
outer most uterine wall layer
Perimetrium
Middle muscular layer of the uterine wall
Myometrium
Innermost layer of uterine wall
Endometrium
What tissue makes up the endometrium
simple columnar epithelium
What are the 2 layers of the endometrium
- Stratum functionalis 2. Stratum basale
What layer is shed during menstruation
Stratum functionalis
What layer gives rise to a new functional layer
Stratum basale
Common malignancy of the female reproductive system
cervicle cancer
What is an important risk factor of cervical cancer
HPV
What is the method of detection for cervical cancer
Pap smear
Abnormal cellular development
dysplasia
Inferior most region of the female reproductive tract
Vagina
The mucosal layer of the vagina consists of what tissue type
stratified squamous epithelium
What is the purpose of the acidic secretion produced by the epithelial cells of the vagina
kill pathogens that enter through the vaginal orifice
membranous barrier near vaginal orifice
hymen
Female external genitalia
vulva
The vulva consists of what 6 structures
- Mons pubis 2. Labia majora and minora 3. urethral orifice 4. clitoris 5. Bartholin’s gland 6. Vaginal orifice
The breasts are located in the
anterior thoracic wall
What are the secretory units of mammary glands
alveoli
Milk drains from the breast through the nipple via
lactiferous ducts
What two hormones are involved in breast milk production
- Prolactin 2. oxytocin
What are the primary male reproductive organs
testes
Why are the testes suspended outside the body wall
to keep testes at a lower temp for optimal sperm production
Elevates testes to aid in temperature regulation
cremaster muscle
Contains blood vessels, nerves, and vas defrens
spermatic cord
What is the function of the testes
produce sperm cells and testosterone
Area where sperm are made
seminiferous tubules
Cells that provide nourishment for developing sperm
sustentacular cells
Sustentacular cells produce _______ in response to rising sperm count
inhibin
Cells that produce androgen/testosterone in response to luteinizing hormone
Interstitial cells
What two hormones released by the anterior pituitary stimulate testosterone production
- FSH 2. LH
Testosterone promotes
spermatogenesis
Testosterone stimulates
development of male reproductive structures
Testosterone aids in the development of
male secondary sex characteristics
spermatogenesis begins at
puberty
Final stage of sperm cell development
spermeo genesis
What are the 4 ducts of the male reproductive system
- Epididymis 2. Vas defrens 3. Ejaculatory duct 4. Urethra
Stores sperm cells
Epididymis
transports sperm to ejaculatory duct
vas defrens
terminal portion of reproductive tract joins with urinary tract in the prostate
Ejaculatory duct
transports semen and urine out of the body
urethra
What are the 3 major glands of the male reproductive system
- Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate gland 3. bulbourethral glands
Secretes viscous white-yellow fluid, contains fructose and prostaglandins
seminal vesicles
secretes milky fluid rich in citric acid and prostate-specific antigen
prostate gland
Secrete mucus into urethra
Bulbourethral glands
Combination of sperm cells and seminal fluid
semen
Semen released during intercourse
ejaculate