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Biomedicine > Urinary System 11 > Flashcards

Urinary System 11 Flashcards

1
Q

List 5 functions of urinary system

A
  1. Excretion of unwanted substances
  2. Water & electrolyte balance
  3. pH regulation - esp blood
  4. Hormone production - erythropoietin & calcitriol
  5. Red blood cell production regulation
  6. Blood glucose regulation
  7. Blood pressure, volume and osmolarity regulation
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2
Q

5 substances excreted by urinary system

A

Metabolic wastes - urea, uric acid and creatinine
Ions - hydrogen
Medications & toxins

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3
Q

Minimum urine content required to clear body waste

A

500ml/day

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4
Q

Which organ mostly controls water balance

A

Kidneys

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5
Q

What do Urea, Uric acid and Creatinine all contain?

A

Nitrogen - the kidneys specalise in removing nitrogenous wastes

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6
Q

What is Creatinine an end product of?

A

Muscle metabolism

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7
Q

What is uric acid an end product of?

A

Purine metabolism

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8
Q

What is Urea an end product of?

A

Protein metabolism

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9
Q

3 Most important electrolytes regulates by the kidneys

A

Sodium
Potassium
Hydrogen

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10
Q

What do buffers do?

A

Regulate changes in pH
CO2 is acidic. Kidneys excrete H+ into urine to produce bicarbonate to buffer the pH.

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11
Q

How should blood pH remain as?

A

7.35-7.45pH

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12
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

A

Calcitriol

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13
Q

Which organ converts vitamin D into its active form?

A

Kidneys

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14
Q

What does the hormone calcitriol do?

A

Stimulates calcium and magnesium uptake from the GIT
Reduces calcium loss in the kidneys

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15
Q

Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis (red blood cell synthesis)?

A

Erythropoietin

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16
Q

How is Erythropoietin secreted

A

by kidneys into bloom (10% produced by liver)

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17
Q

What is erythropoietin released in response to?

A

Hypoxia - negative feedback system

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18
Q

What happens to erythropoietin in renal failure?

A

Production of erythropoietin is inadequate leading to anaemia

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19
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

9 mmol/L

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20
Q

What is normal blood glucose levels?

A

4-7mmol/L

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21
Q

What does hypoglycemia indicate?

A

A pathology e.g. diabetes mellitus

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22
Q

What can kidneys make glucose from?

A

Amino acid glutamine
It helps to elevate blood sugar levels when hypoglycaemic - glucooneogenesis

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23
Q

How does the urinary system regulate blood volume, pressure and concertration

A
  1. it conserves or eliminates water in urine
  2. regulates ‘solute’ to help maintain constant blood concentration
  3. regulate blood pressure by kidneys excreting renin
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24
Q

What does renin do

A

It activates the renin-angiotensin aldosterone pathway
Increased renin causes an increase in blood pressure

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25
Q

Facts about kidneys

A

Reddish, bean-shaped organs that are retorperitoneal
Right kidney is lower (due to liver)
Perform major functions of the urinary system and secrete urine into the ureters

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26
Q

What 3 layers surround the kidneys?

A

Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia

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27
Q

What is the renal capsule

A

Deep layer - smooth, transparent sheet of connective tissue
Maintains kidney shape

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28
Q

What is the kidney’s adipose capsule

A

Middle layer of the kidney - mass of fatty tissue
Provides protection and support

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29
Q

What is the kidney’s renal fascia?

A

Outer, superficial layer
Thin layer of connective tissue that anchor the kidneys

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30
Q

What two regions are kidneys divided into?

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla

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31
Q

What is the renal cortex

A

Superficial light red area

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32
Q

What is the renal medulla

A

Dark red area composed of
Renal pyramids
Apex of each renal pyramid is the renal papilla

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33
Q

What is the nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney made from renal pyramids and renal cortex

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34
Q

Where does urine formed by the nephron drain into?

A

Minor and major calyces

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35
Q

What is the hilum

A

On the concave kidney border - the region where blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves and ureters enter and exit the kidney

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36
Q

Where does the kidney’s blood supply come from?

A

Renal artery and renal vein
Kidney receives 20-25% of cardiac output despite its mass only accounting for 0.5% of body weight

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37
Q

What are the two parts of the nephron?

A

Renule corpuscle
Renal tubule

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38
Q

What is in the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus - tangled capillary network that receives blood
Bowman’s capsule

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39
Q

3 sections of the renal tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule

40
Q

What is the key role of the renal tubule?

A

Important role in reabsorption and secretion

41
Q

Which hormone acts on the distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb water?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

42
Q

Where does the nephron sit?

A

Renal corpuscle and both convoluted tubules - in renal corext
Loop of Henle - extends into renal medulla

43
Q

What do the two ureters do?

A

Transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

44
Q

How long are ureters and where do they sit in the body

A

25-30cm
Retroperitoneal

45
Q

What propels urine along ureters?

A

Peristaltic contractions

46
Q

What is the physiological valve

A

Valve that prevents the backflow of urine in the ureters

47
Q

Three layers of the uteters

A
  1. inner mucous membrane
  2. muscularis
  3. outer adventitia

(same as the bladder)

48
Q

Info on the ureters inner mucous membrane

A

Contains transitional epithelium which is able to stretch
Contains mucus secreting goblet cells for protection

49
Q

What is the ureters muscularis made from

A

Smooth muscle - creates peristaltic contractions to move urine

50
Q

What is the ureters adventitia made from and what does it contain?

A

Connective tissue
Contains blood and lymph vessels and nerves

51
Q

What is the urinary bladder

A

Hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine

52
Q

How full is the bladder when the desire to urinate occurs?

A

200ml

53
Q

What is the total capacity of the bladder?

A

600-700ml

54
Q

What is the small triangular area of the bladder called?

A

Trigone

55
Q

What are the three layers of the urinary bladder?

A
  1. Inner mucosa layer
  2. Muscularis
  3. Adventitia

(same as the uretas)

56
Q

In the bladder what is the transitional epithelium supported by

A

Connective tissue

57
Q

What is another name for the muscularis in the urinary bladder?

A

Detrusor

58
Q

What is the sphincter called in the muscularis

A

Internal urethral sphincter - involutary

59
Q

What is the adventitia in the urinary bladder?

A

Connective tissue (same as the urethra)

60
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Tube leading from the bladder to the exterior of the body - passageway for discharging urine

60
Q

What does the male urethra pass through?

A

Prostate

60
Q

What is the typical length of the female and male urethra?

A

Female 4cm
Male 20cm

61
Q

What is the key difference beween the internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter

A

Internal = involuntar
External = voluntar

62
Q

What are the 3 basic processes of urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration - in the renal corpuscle
  2. Tubular reabsorption - renal tubules
  3. Tubular secretion - renal tubules
63
Q

4 ways glomerular capillaries are adapted for filtration

A
  1. large surface area
  2. 50 x more leaky that normal capillaries
  3. Efferent artieriole is less than the afferent arteriole
64
Q

What can and what can not pass through the glomerular capilleries into the Bowman’s capsule?

A

CAN- water and small molecules - amino acids, mineral salts, hormones , creatinine, urea, uric acid
CAN NOT - blood cells, plasma proteins and other large molecules- leukocytes, platelets

65
Q

What 3 pressures does glomerular filtration depend on?

A
  1. Blood pressure - promotes
  2. osmotic pressure - opposes
  3. capsular hydrostatic pressure - opposes
66
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

The amount of filtrate formed in the renal corpuscle of both kidneys each minute

67
Q

What is a normal glomerular filtration rate?

A

over 90ml/min (males 125ml/min, females 105ml/min)

68
Q

How is glomerular filtration rate calculated?

A

Through a blood test

69
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate used to determine?

A

Severity of kidney disease

70
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure exerted by proteins

71
Q

What can damage to glomerular capillaries lead to?

A

Plasma protein loss into urine
Albumin leaks into the filtrate
Less albumin in the blood makes it hypotonic making fluid via osmosis from blood to tissues - can lead to oedema

72
Q

In tubular reabsoption how about of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed into the bloodsteam

A

Around 99%

73
Q

What are the main components of the glomerular filtrate that are reabsorbed

A

Water
Amino acids
Glucose
Electrolytes

74
Q

Where does most reabsorption occur?

A

In the proximal convoluted tubules

75
Q

What substances get excreted into tubular fluid?

A

Waste products - creatinine, urea
Certain drugs
Exess ions

76
Q

5 hormones that affect kidney reabsorption of sodium, chloride, calcium and water

A
  1. angiotensin II
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Antidiuretic hormone
  4. Atrial natriuretic peptide
  5. Parathyroid hormone
77
Q

What does the renin angiotensin-aldosterone system do?

A

Increases blood pressure

78
Q

What are the 4 main stages of the renin angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

If systolic BP is below 100mmHg the afferent arteriole walls stretch and…

  1. enzyme renin is released by kidneys into blood
  2. angiotensinogen ins converted into angiotensin I in the liver
  3. Angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II by agiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in lungs
  4. Angiotensin II causes release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
79
Q

What does angiotensin II trigger?

A

Vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure

80
Q

What hormone does angiotensin II trigger the pituitary gland to release?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

81
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Increases renal sodium and water reabsorption

82
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone do?

A

Reduces water concentration in the blood by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys
Posterior pituitary secretes ADH

83
Q

What does atrial natriuretic peptide do?

A

Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and water into the renal tubules
Increase urine output, reduces blood volume which lowers blood pressure

84
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Released by the parathyroid gland in response to low blood calcium levels

Stimulates renal reabsorption of calcium and magnesium
Increases osteoclast activity
Stimulates calcitriol release

85
Q

Stages of urine flow

A
  1. formed in nephron
  2. drains into papillary ducts (in the renal pyramids)
  3. drains into the minor and major calyces
    4 drains into the renal bladder
  4. drains into the bladder through the ureters
86
Q

What does micturition mean

A

Discharge of urine from the bladder

87
Q

When do the bladder stretch receptors transmit nerve impules

A

When the bladder exceeds 200-400ml

88
Q

What triggers the mituration reflex in infants and adults

A

Infants - contraction of the detrusor muscle
Adults Conscious initiation and stop mituation

89
Q

Where is the mituration reflex

A

Spinal cord levels S2 and S3

90
Q

How much urine do we typically produce in 24 hours?

A

1-2l

91
Q

pH of urine

A

4.5-8 (average 6)

92
Q

Composition of urine

A

Water 96%
Urea 2% uric acid and creatinine
Ammonia

93
Q

How does the urine system effect other systems?

A

Integumentary - vitamin D precursor

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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