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Biomedicine > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of micro organism

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa

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2
Q

What are non-pathogenic microorganisms?

A

Non-disease causing
Can be symbiotic but can become pathogenic
10 x as many bacterial cells as human cells in body

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3
Q

What is a commensal microbe relationship

A

Symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the other is unaffected e.g. microbes in your skin

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4
Q

What is a mutualistic microbe relationship

A

Symbiotic relationship where both benefit - e.g. E. coli make vitamin K for humans

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5
Q

What is a parasitic microbe relationship?

A

Sybiotic relationship where one benefits at the other’s expense e.g. head lice

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6
Q

What is an opportunistic microbe relationship?

A

A symbiotic relationship which is initially commensal/mutualistic then becomes parasitic e.g. candida

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7
Q

Brief history of microbes

A

Pasteur - germ theory - germs cause disease and developed pasturisation
Bechamp - germs are opportunistic and live with us symbiotically
Terrain theory - not to kill germs but promote health

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8
Q

How are microbes identified

A

Cultured (grown) in labs
Views under a light or electron microscope

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9
Q

What type of cells are bacteria

A

Prokaryotic

Simple with no nucleus

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10
Q

What is the control centre of bacteria

A

A single loup of DNA

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11
Q

What are the two types of bacteria

A

Gram positive - thick mech-like cell wall - stain purple
Gram negative - thinner cell wall - stain pink

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12
Q

How do bacteria reproduce

A

Binary fission
Spore formation

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13
Q

Compare exotoxins and endotoxins

A

Exotoxins - gram positive and negative
released by living microbe

Endotoxins
gram-negative only
Released after organism death from cell wall

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14
Q

Where do you find microflora

A

Nasal cavity
Skin
Mouth
Small and large intestine
Vagina
Perineum

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15
Q

Where is microflora absent

A

Blood
cerebrospinal fluid
lungs
stomach
Uterus
fallopian tubes
ovaries
bladder kindneys

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16
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Destroy bacteria

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17
Q

What are viruses?

A

obligate intracellular parasites - needing a host to survive and replicate

18
Q

2 types of virus and examples

A

DNA virus - herpes, smallpox

RNA virus - measles, mumps, HIV

19
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

By injecting their RNA or DNA into a living host cell to use it for reproduction

20
Q

What remains outside a host cell when a virus binds to a cell?

A

It’s capsid coating

21
Q

4 reasons viruses are more difficult to identify

A
  1. Hide inside a host cell and can be latent
  2. They do not have a metabolism of thier own
  3. Do not have many structures of their own
  4. They are able to mutate
22
Q

3 ways viruses can replicate?

A

Viral lysis
Viral budding
Latent stage

23
Q

how does viral lysis work?

A

Virus particules burst out of host cell - death of host cell

24
Q

How does viral budding work?

A

Virus exits the cell and aquires an envelope
Usually leads to cell death

25
Q

How does latent stage work?

A

Disease is present but hidden

26
Q

What type of organisms are fungi?

A

Eukaryotic
Can be single-celled or very complex

27
Q

What are fungi filaments called?

A

Hyphae

28
Q

What is a mass of fungi

A

Mycelium

29
Q

3 types of fungi

A

Yeasts
Moulds
DErmatophytes - fungi causing skin disease

30
Q

How to fungi grow?

A

Hyphae
Mycelium - mesh

Environment - warm, moist, rich nutrition, acidic

31
Q

How do fungi grow

A

Asexual reproduction - via budding
Sexual reproduction (less common) via fungal spores

32
Q

What type of organism are protozoa?

A

Eukaryotic
No cell wall, just membrane
Moist environments

33
Q

How do protozoa reproduce?

A

Binary fission and budding
Sexual reporduction

34
Q

What are helminths

A

Parasitic worms
Eukaryotic

35
Q

What is an endemic

A

Infection restricted to an area

36
Q

What is a reservoir

A

Location where patogen exists, reproduce and spreads to new hosts

37
Q

What is a carrier

A

Infected individuals who are asymptomatic

38
Q

What is a vector

A

Intermediate carrier, transporting pathogens

39
Q

What is a host

A

Infected person or animal

40
Q

5 ways infections can be transmitted

A

droplet
Direct contact
Indirector contact
Vector - carried by an insect or animal
Nosocomial - aquired from a medical setting

41
Q

What is a nosocomial tramsmission

A

Infection acquired in a medical setting

42
Q

6 ways infection can be aquired

A

Injestion
Blood stream
Sexual intercourse
Inhalation
Touch
Placental

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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