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Biomedicine > Cytology & Basic Genetics 1 > Flashcards

Cytology & Basic Genetics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is reproduction

A

Formation of new cells or production of a new individual

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2
Q

Physiology

A

How the body works

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3
Q

Differentiation

A

Development into a specalised state

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4
Q

Pathology

A

Abnormalities from normal function

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5
Q

What does growth mean

A

Incase in size or increase in number

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6
Q

What does metabolism mean

A

Sum of all chemical processes in the body

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7
Q

What does movement mean

A

Movement of the whole orgamism or individual cells

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8
Q

Another word for Life Force

A

Life force or qi

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9
Q

What does responsiveness mean?

A

Ability to respond to changes in the environment

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10
Q

4 characteristics of death

A

Lack of pulse
Lace of breath
No life force
No brain function

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11
Q

Define homeostasis

A

equilibrium or balance) in the body’s internal environment maintained
by the body’s regulatory processes.

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12
Q

4 variables for homeostasis

A

Temperature
pH
Blood glucose
Water /electrolyte balance
Temperature
Blood pressure
O2 / Co2 levels

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13
Q

What fluid is found inside of cells

A

Intracellular

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14
Q

What fluid is found outside of cells

A

Extracellular

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15
Q

What fluid is found between cells

A

interstitial fluid

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16
Q

4 control variables of homeostasis

A

Disruptors - change parameters
Detectors - detect disruption
Control centres - determines limits
Effectors - receives output

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17
Q

What is the purpose of positive feedback?

A

Strengthens change

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18
Q

What is the purpose of negative feedback?

A

Output reverses the input

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19
Q

2 examples of positive feedback

A

Childbirth
Milk production
Immunity
Blood clotting

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20
Q

2 examples of negative feedback

A

Body temperature
Blood glucose
Blood pressure

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21
Q

Name 4 body cavities

A

Crainial
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic

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22
Q

Groups of cells that work together to perform a function

A

Tissues

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23
Q

Related organs that have a common function

A

Systems

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24
Q

Smallest living unit in the body

A

Cell

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25
Q

Groups of tissues working together to perform a specific function

A

Organs

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26
Q

Briefly explain cell theory

A

living things are made of cells and vital force
Cell is the structual unit of living things
All cells come from pre-existing cells

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27
Q

Relationship between cell memory and vital force

A

Cells have the ability to remember experiences which influence our vital force

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28
Q

3 factors that stagnate energy in the body

A

dietary choices,
lifestyle influences,
drugs
exposure to harmful substance

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29
Q

3 heavy metals that accumulate in the body

A

Aluminium
Lead
Mercury

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30
Q

Which disease has aluminium toxicity been linked to

A

Alzheimer’s

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31
Q

What is meant by oxidative stress

A

Damage to cell structures and can even cause genetic mutations

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32
Q

How does an antioxidant work?

A

Free radicals (oxygen molecules that cause oxidative stress) lack an electron which can be donated by antioxidants.

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33
Q

Name two antioxidants

A

Vitamin C, E and beta-carotene

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34
Q

Cell with a nucleus

A

Eukaryotic

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35
Q

Cell without a nucleus

A

Prokaryotic

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36
Q

Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic
No nucleus
Cell wall
Smaller
Divide by binary fission
Example bacteria

Eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
Only fungi and plants have a cell wall
Bigger
Mitosis
Human cells

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37
Q

Basic watery fluid inside a cell

A

cytosol

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38
Q

Membrane surrounding the cell

A

cell wall / membrane

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39
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Small, specalised structures within a cell

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40
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

Cell content excluding the nucleus

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41
Q

Where do we find the phospholipid bilayer

A

In the cell membrane

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42
Q

Why is the cell membrane semi-permeable?

A

To control movement in and out of the cell

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43
Q

Which are the lipids and which are the phosphates

A

Lipids on the inside
Phosphates on the outside

44
Q

Explain hydrophobic and hydrophillic

A

phobic - water hating
philic - water loving

45
Q

Which part of the phospholipid bilayer are hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

phobic lipids are on the inside

46
Q

3 functions of transmembrane proteins

A

Transport of substances - glucose
Immunological markers
Receptors

47
Q

What is the name of a molecule with an electric charge?

48
Q

1 type of fat found in the cell membrane

A

cholesterol.

49
Q

Difference between tight junctions and gap junctions

A

Transmembrane proteins fuse cells together to fuse off passageways - found in stomach intenstines and bladder
Gap junctions - fluid filled tunnels between cells

50
Q

What is the role of a nucleus

A

Contains the body’s genetic info in the form of DNA

51
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

52
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

ribonucleic acid

53
Q

What are genes?

A

Sub-sections of DNA that act as instructions to make proteins

54
Q

Main function of the nuclear pore

A

Substance movement

55
Q

Specific role of mitochondria?

A

Cell powerhouses that generate ATP

56
Q

What shape are mitochondria

A

Bean shaped

57
Q

Which cells contain the most mitochondria

A

Muscle cells including the heart

58
Q

What type of respiration is mainly used by mitochondria

59
Q

Aerobic respiration equasion

A

(Glucose) + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP

60
Q

Most important role of ribosomes?

A

To make protein

61
Q

Difference between mobile and stationary ribosomes

A

Free - make protein for inside the cell
Stationary are within the rough Endoplasmic reticulum and make protein for outside of the cell

62
Q

Role of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesises and transports proteins.

63
Q

Role of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Synthesises lipids and steroid
hormones,

64
Q

Role of Golgi Apparatus

A

Packages and transports proteins from the rough ER

65
Q

How do lysosomes contribute to the cell?

A

Cell digestion
Recycle worn-out cells

66
Q

Define Chromosome

A

thread-like structures of nucleic acids and protein
found in the nucleus
Contain genetic info in the form of genes

67
Q

How many chromosomes in a somatic cell?

68
Q

Which sex defines the XY on the 23rd pair of chromosomes

69
Q

Main role of genes

A

Sub sections of DNA that act as instructions to make proteins

70
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

A copy of one gene is made in to mRNA

71
Q

What happens during translation?

A

The ribosome reads the
code and produces a chain of amino
acids to form the required protein.

72
Q

What is meant by mutation

A

A change in the DNA sequence

73
Q

2 mutagenic agents

A

Smoking
Radiation
Vaccines

74
Q

Difference between somatic cells and gametes

A

Somatic cells reproduce by mitosis - 36 chromosomes
Gametes reproduce by myosis - 23 chromosomes

75
Q

What is a zygote

A

A diploid cell which has 23 chromosomes from each parent

76
Q

How does a zygote develop into an embryo?

77
Q

Differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis
1 division
2 daughter cells
46 chromosomes per daughter
Diploid
Identical
Cell grown and repair

Meiosis
2 divisions
4 daughter cells
23 chromosomes
Haploid
Non-identical
Reproduction

78
Q

Can mutations in somatic cells be inherited

A

No. Only mutations in gametes.

79
Q

2 differences between active and passive transport

A

Passive - high to low concentration
No energy

Active - low to high concentration
With energy

80
Q

List 3 types of passive transport

A

Diffusion - gasses such as oxygen
Osmosis - movement of water
Facilitated diffusion - help of transmembrane proteins

81
Q

List 3 types of active transport

A

Pumps - sodium-potassium pump
Endocytosis - engulfing particles through cell membrane extensions
Exocytosis - removal of waste

All require ATP

82
Q

Which type of transport for glucose

A

Facilitated diffusion

83
Q

Explain endocytosis

A

Engulfing particles through cell membrane extensions

84
Q

Explain phagocytosis

A

cell eating for solids

85
Q

Explain Pinocytosis

A

cell drinking for liquids

86
Q

Explain exocytosis

A

Removal of waste
Material fuses with the cell membrane before being removed

87
Q

Explain epithelial tissue

A

Covering tissue where cell are closely packed together
Provides a protective barrier for protection and secretion of substances

88
Q

2 areas where you’ll find epithelial tissue

A

GIT
Skin
Heart
Lungs
Urinary tract

89
Q

Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands

A

Exocrine - excrete their products into ducts
Endocrine - diffuse hormones into blood

90
Q

3 Locations of connective tissue

A

Bone
Cartilage and
blood

91
Q

2 basic elements of connective tissue

A

Extracellular matrix
Cells

92
Q

Compare collagen and elastic fibres

A

Collagen
Strong
Especially in bone, ligaments and tendons
parallel bundles

Elastic
smaller diameter
strong but stretchy
skin & blood vessel walls

93
Q

What are adipocytes

A

Connective tissue cells that store fat

94
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that produce antibodies

95
Q

What are macrophages

A

White blood cells that phagocytose (engulf) debris and pathogens

96
Q

What are fibroblasts

A

make collagen and elastin fibres for repair and healing

97
Q

5 functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Structural
  2. Transport nutrients and wastes (blood).
  3. Protection
  4. Support and interconnection (tendons, ligaments, etc.).
  5. Insulation (adipose tissue).
  6. Energy store.
  7. Production of blood and lymphatic cells
  8. Defence and repair
98
Q

4 types of membrane in the body

A

1.Cutaneous membrane (the skin).
2.Mucous membrane.
3.Serous membrane.
4.Synovial membrane.

99
Q

What is the difference between synovial and other types of membrane?

A

Line the cavities of freely moveable joints

100
Q

Which membrane is associated with skin?

101
Q

Mucus membrane key facts

A

Line hollow organs
digestive, respiratory and genito-urinary
tracts.
Secrete enzymes - mucus from goblet cells
Protect
Trap

102
Q

Does a serous membrane line a body cavity that opens to the exterior?

103
Q

3 Areas where serous membrane are found?

A
  1. Pericardium
  2. Pleura
  3. Peritoneum
104
Q

2 layers of serous membrane

A
  1. Inner ‘visceral layer’ — surrounds organs.
  2. Outer ‘parietal layer’ — lines a cavity.
105
Q

Main function of serous fluid

A

Organ to glide freely without friction

106
Q

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

A

lubricates and nourishes the
moveable joint cavities which it bathes.

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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