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Biomedicine > Skeletal System 2 > Flashcards

Skeletal System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain Anatomical Position

A

Person stands erect
Palms forward
Feet parallel, flat on the floor
Arms to the side of the body

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2
Q

Supine

A

Body lying face up

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3
Q

Prone

A

Body lying face down

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4
Q

Distal

A

Further from trunk

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5
Q

Unilateral

A

one side

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6
Q

Medial

A

Neaer the midline

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7
Q

Bilateral

A

Both sides

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8
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer trunk

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9
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

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10
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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11
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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12
Q

Anterior / ventral

A

Nearer to the front

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13
Q

Inferior

A

Towards the bottom

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14
Q

Posterior

A

Nearer the back

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15
Q

Coronal plane

A

Separating front and back

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16
Q

Sagittal

A

Separating right and left

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17
Q

Horizontal

A

Separating top and bottom

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18
Q

4 functions of human skeleton

A

Movement
Supportive framework
Attachment for muscles
Boundries (skull)

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19
Q

Osteogenic

A

Only bone cell to undergo division

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20
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Huge cells derived from a fusion of as many as 50 monocytes

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21
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells.
Synthesise and secrete collagen and other components of bony matrix

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22
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells
Maintain daily metabolism of bone such as nutrient and waste exhcange

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23
Q

Which bone cell can transform to an osteocyte

A

Osteoblasts

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24
Q

3 features of compact bone

A

Few spaces
Structural unit is an osteon
Found beneath the peristeum of all bones

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25
Q

How much of the skeleton is compact bone

A

80%

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26
Q

Where is compact bone located

A

Beneath peristeum
Bulk of diaphysis in long bones

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27
Q

Structural unit of a compact bone

A

Osteon

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28
Q

Haversian canal

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves

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29
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric rings of calcified extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen

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30
Q

Lacunae

A

Small spaces between lamellae
Contain osteocytes

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31
Q

Canaliculi

A

Mini system of inter connected canals that provide a route for nutrients and waste

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32
Q

2 features of spongy bone

A

Does not contain osteons
Consists of irregular lattice of thing columns called trabeculae

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33
Q

What are the columns in spongy bone called

A

Trabeculae

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34
Q

Why is Spongy bone always covered in a layer of compact bone

A

For strength and stability

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35
Q

Epiphysis

A

heads of a long bone - proximal and distal

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36
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone

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37
Q

2 examples of long bones

A

Femur, tibia, humerus

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38
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of a bone to grow in length

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39
Q

Long bones inner spongy bones contain

A

red bone marrow

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40
Q

What is the diaphysis of of a long bone covered by

A

Periosteum

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41
Q

What colour bone marrow is in the diaphysis of a long bone

A

yellow bone marrow

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42
Q

3 functions of periosteum

A

Pain sensitive
Highly vascular
Attachment for ligaments and tendons

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43
Q

Difference between inner and outer layers of periosteum

A

Tough outer fibrous layer
Osteogenic (bone forming) inner

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44
Q

Compact bone examples

A

Carpels

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45
Q

4 Function of skeleton

A

Supports framework for the body.
* Forms boundaries (skull).
* Attachment for muscles and tendons.
* Permits movement (joints).
* Haematopoiesis
* Mineral homeostasis (mostly calcium and phosphate).
* Triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow).

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46
Q

Most abundant mineral in bone

A

calcium phosphate.

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47
Q

4 minerals found in bones

A

calcium phosphate
magnesium,
sulphate,
potassium.

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48
Q

Short bone examples

A

Carpals, tarsals

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49
Q

Irregular bone example 1

A

Vertebrae

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50
Q

Flat bone examples

A

Skull, scapula

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51
Q

Sesamoid bone example 1

A

Patella (kneecap)

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52
Q

Difference between Intromembranous & Endochondral ossification

A

Intramembranous - bone develops from connective sheets
Endochondral - replacing hyaline cartilage

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53
Q

Which bone grows lengthwise

A

Long bone

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54
Q

2 factors that influence bones as they grow in thickness

A

Physical stress
Muscle activity
Weight

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55
Q

Role of epiphyseal plate

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage where osteoblasts are produced

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56
Q

2 hormones that promote osteoblast activity

A

Growth hormone
Thyroid hormone
Oestrogen
Testosterone
Calcitonin

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57
Q

2 hormones that promote osteoclast activity

A

Parathyroid hormone
Cortisol

58
Q

2 glands in the body that regulate calcium exchange

A

Parathyroid
Thyroid

59
Q

Reduction in blood calcium

A

Hypocalcaemia
Osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium into blood

60
Q

Increase in blood calcium

A

hypercalcaemia
Increase osteoblast activity
(takes calcium back into the bone)

61
Q

Vitamin D role in calcium regulation

A

Facilitates calcium absorption in the intestines
Directly involved in bone turnover

62
Q

Vitamin K2 role in calcium regulation

A

Works closely with vitamin D
K2 activates a protein called osteocalcin which controls utilisation of calcium in the body

63
Q

Magnesium in calcium regulation

A

Co-factor needed for conversion of vitamin D in the body

64
Q

factors that contribute to Vitamin D deficiency

A

Low sun exposure
Reduced dietary absorsion
High alcohol

65
Q

Best type of exercise for bone building

A

Weight bearing

66
Q

How does weight bearing exercise help build healthy bones

A

Mechanical stress leads to increase mineral disposition
Increased collagen production

67
Q

Difference between axial and appendicular skeleton

A

Axial - central skeleton of 60 bones
Appendicular - 126 bones supporting extremities / limbs

68
Q

4 components of axial skeleton

A

Skull,
Hyoid bone
Rib cage
Vertebral column

69
Q

How skull bones are joined together

A

Fibrous joints

70
Q

2 functions of vertebral column

A

Protection for spinal chord
Movement
Forms axis of the trunk

71
Q

Role of intervertebral discs

A

Shock absorbing
Separate individual vertebrae

72
Q

When is intervertebral most hydrated

A

Morning

73
Q

4 area of appendicular skeleton

A

Shoulder girdle
Arm & hand
Pelvic girdle
Leg & foot

74
Q

2 bones shoulder girdle

A

Clavicle and scapula

75
Q

Arm bones

A

Carpals, metacarpals & phalanges

76
Q

Pelvic girdle bones

A

Hip bone, sacrum, coccyx

77
Q

Longest & strongest bone in the body

A

femur

78
Q

How are muscles attached to bones

A

By skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles are then usually attached by tendons

79
Q

What are tendons

A

Tough fibrous structures

80
Q

Role of a join

A

Connect two bony structures and permit movement

81
Q

2 joins with no or limited movement

A

Fibrous joints
Structures of the skull

82
Q

How synovial joins obtain nutrients

A

Diffusion from joint movement

83
Q

1 ball & socket joint

A

Shoulder
Hip

84
Q

1 hinge joint

A

Elbow
Knee

85
Q

Main role of bursae

A

Reduce friction

86
Q

What is a bursae

A

Closed fluid filled sac-like structure

87
Q

2 locations of bursae

A

Skin & bone
Muscle & bone
Ligament & Bone

88
Q

Flexion

A

Decrease in angle

89
Q

Extension

A

Increase in angle

90
Q

Rotation

A

Movement around longditudinal axis

91
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Movement of the trunk away from midline

92
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from midline

93
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the midline

94
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular movement

95
Q

Elevation

A

Superior movement up

96
Q

Depression

A

Inferior movement down

97
Q

Protraction

A

Anterior movement fowards

98
Q

Retraction

A

Posterior movement backwards

99
Q

Inversion

A

Medial movement of sole - turn in

100
Q

Eversion

A

Lateral movement of the sole turn out

101
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Bending foot up

102
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Bending foot down

103
Q

Supronation

A

Movement of forearm to turn palm up

104
Q

Pronation

A

Movement of forearm to turn palm posterorly

105
Q

Opposition

A

Movement of the thumb accross palm to touch fingertips

106
Q

2 causes of fractures

A

Trauma
Low bone density
Vitamin D deficiency

107
Q

4 stages of fracture repair

A
  1. Haemamtoma & inflammation
  2. Fibracatilaginous callus formation
  3. Bony callus forms - osteoclasts replace soft callus with new bone
  4. Bone remodelling osteoblasts reshape new bone
108
Q

What happens during a sprain

A

Trauman that forces a joint beyond its normal range

109
Q

RICE

A

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

110
Q

Kyphosis

A

Natural shape of the spine to help distribute forces

111
Q

Lordosis

A

Increased concavity of spine

112
Q

Scoliosis

A

S shaped curve to the spine

113
Q

Subluxation

A

Incomplete or partial joint dislocation

114
Q

Dislocation

A

Complete separation of 2 bones

115
Q

What happens in Osteomalacia and rickets

A

Inadequate mineralisation of bone matrix

116
Q

Osteomalacia and rickets difference

A

Osteomalacia - adolescents and adults
Rickets - prior to epiphyseal plate closure

117
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Chronic, progressive thinning of bone ‘porous bone’

118
Q

Test for osteoporosis

A

DXA scan - score lower than -2.5

119
Q

3 Risk factors of osteoporosis

A

Increasing age
Female, post menopausal
Poor diet
DIT diseases

120
Q

Why would low stomach acid contribute to osteoporosis

A

Poor digestion and absorption

121
Q

Why would a menopausal women be at increased risk of developing osteoporosis

A

Lower oestrogen
Oestrogen helps to surpress osteoclast activity

122
Q

2 signs / symptons of osteoporosis

A

A symptomatic until trauma
Pain from prolonged standing or sitting

123
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative wear and tear of articular cartilage

124
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

AI inflammation of synovium potentially effecting all organs

125
Q

Osteoarthritis pathophysiology

A

Gradual onset
Predisposing factors - congenial, ill-development
Trauma

126
Q

Type of join affected by Osteoarthritis v Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

OA - larger, weight bearing joints
RA - Any synovial joint - usually starts in fingers

127
Q

Age of onset OA v RA

A

OA 50+
RA - 30-50

128
Q

Risk factors of RA

A

Genetic markers
Infectious agents - EBV & rubella
Abnormal intestinal permiability - SIBO

129
Q

Blood tests for RA

A

Raised ESR & CRP
Rheumatoid factor

130
Q

RA main symptoms

A

Bilateral joint pain affecting small joints
Deformation - swan neck fingers
Systemic symptoms - weight loss, fatigue

131
Q

OA main symptoms

A

Gradual onset on weight bearing joints
Morning stiffness
Worse in evening
Osteophyte / bone spurs

132
Q

OA Eburnation meaning

A

Subchondral bone becomes hard and glossy

133
Q

OA Osteophytes meaning

A

Compensatory bone overgrowth

134
Q

Pathophysiology of gout

A

monoarthritis
Uric acid crystal depositation in synovial joints

135
Q

2 Causes of gout

A

Dehydration
Alcohol
Obesity

136
Q

2 purine rich foods

A

Red meat
Shellfish

137
Q

Excess alcohol can contribute to gout

A

Competes with uric acid for elimination by kidneys

138
Q

2 signs / symptoms of gout

A

Red, hot swollen joins,
Shiny skin over joint
Tophi

139
Q

Disc herniation

A

a herniated disk occurs when some of the nucleus pushes out through a tear in the annulus.

140
Q

Classical injury mechanism in disc herniation

A

Lumber spine flexion bending and rotation

141
Q

2 nerves compressed by a herniated disc

A

Spinal nerves

142
Q

2 causes of bursitis

A

Repetitive use
Sudden trauma
Wear & Tear
Infection

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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