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Biomedicine > Endocrine System 9 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the function of the endocrine system

A

To coordinate the activity of organs through hormones, chemical messengers.

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2
Q

Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands

A

Exocrine - excrete products into ducts
Endocrine - ductless, excrete hormones into blood

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3
Q

Name 2 Endocrine glands

A

Pituitary
Adrenals
Thyroid

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4
Q

4 Endocrine tissues

A

Heart
GIT
Liver
Placenta
Kidneys
Skin

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5
Q

Describe down regulation and give one example

A

Hormones are in excess , target cell receptors may decrease
Puberty

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6
Q

Describe up regulation and give one example

A

Hormone deficiency causes and increase in target receptors

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7
Q

Difference between receptors for protein-based hormones and lipid hormones

A

Protein based hormone receptors are part of the cell membrane
Lipid based hormone receptors are within cells

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8
Q

Compare Autonomic Nervous system and Endocrine system

A

Autonomic
Rapid
Less precise
Duration shorter
Neurotransmitters
Central nervous system

Endocrine
Slower
More precise
Longer
Hormones
Hypothalamus

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9
Q

2 ways hormone secretion is regulated

A
  1. nervous system signals
  2. Chemical changes in blood
  3. Other hormones
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10
Q

Master endocrine gland

A

Pituitary

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11
Q

3 releasing hormones from the hypothalamus

A

TRH - thyrotrophin
CHRH - Growth hormone
CRH corticotrophin
PLRH - Prolactin
GnRH - gonadotrophin

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12
Q

2 inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus

A

GHIH - growth
PIH prolacctin (dopamine)

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13
Q

2 hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin
antidiuretic - ADH

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14
Q

Prolactin target tissue

A

Breasts

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15
Q

FSH/LH target tissue

A

Overies & testes

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16
Q

MSH target tissue

A

Skin

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17
Q

TSH target tissue

A

Thyroid

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18
Q

ACTH target tissue

A

Adrenal cortex

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19
Q

GH target tissue

A

Most body tissues

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20
Q

1 hypothalamic hormone that stimulates release of ACTH & MSH

A

Corticotrophin

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21
Q

2 functions of growth hormone

A

regulates metabolism
Promotes growth & division of most body cells

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22
Q

2 functions of ACTH

A

Output of steroid hormones eg cortisol
Cirrandian rhythm

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23
Q

2 functions of prolactin

A

Stimulates lactation
Prevents pregnancy during lactation

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24
Q

2 factors that stimulate the production of growth hormone

A

Nighttime
Exercise
Childhood / adolescence
Hypogycaemia

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25
Q

2 factors that influence the production of ACTH

A

Hightened in the am
Stress
Exercise

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26
Q

2 factors that influencer prolactin (not birth)

A

Suckling
Sleep
Emotional stress

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27
Q

when are levels of TSH lowest

A

early evening

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28
Q

when are levels of TSH at their highest

A

during the night

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29
Q

1 function of MSH

A

role in skin, hair and eye pigmentation

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30
Q

2 functions of oxytosin

A

contracts uterus after childbirth
bonding hormone (cuddle hormone)

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31
Q

2 factors (not suckling that stimulate oxytocin production

A

childbirth (position feedback)
emotional state

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32
Q

What is colostrum

A

First breast fluid that contains water, lactic sugars and antibodies

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33
Q

Main function of colostrum

A

Laxative to encourage bowel movement

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34
Q

How does ADH prevent loss of fluid from the body?

A

Reduces urine output by encouraging reabsorsion of kidneys
Vasocontriction to increase blood pressure

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35
Q

1 factor that stimulates production of ADH

A

Increased osmotic pressure
Reduced fluid intake, thirst, vomiting

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36
Q

1 factor that inhibits production of ADH

A

Reduced osmotic pressure
Increased fluid alcohol

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37
Q

Difference between acromegaly and giantism

A

Acromegaly - excess growth hormone post puberty
Giantism - excess growth hormone in puberty

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38
Q

2 signs / symptoms of acromegaly

A

Large facial features
Increased size of hands and feet

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39
Q

Why is type 2 diabetes a potential complication of acromegaly and giantism

A

GH increases blood glucose which can lead to insulin resistance

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40
Q

What is this pathology

Galctorrhoea, amenorrhoea, decreased libido and sub-fertility

A

Hyperprolactinaemia
cause - pituitary tumour

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41
Q

What is galatorrhoea

A

Flow of milk from breast not assocaited with childbrith

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42
Q

Difference between diabetes insipidus and Type 2 diabetes

A

Insipidus - deficiency of ADh production causing kidneys to over excrete
Type II - Insulin resistance, deficiency, disease or damage

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43
Q

2 causes of diabetes insipidus

A

Cranial - brain tumour
Renal - kidney disease or damage

44
Q

2 signs / symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A

Polydipsia
Polyuria
Weight loss

45
Q

Findings of tests for diabetes insipidus

A

Urine volume - high
Urine concentration - low
Sodium - high

46
Q

Which gland produces melatonin

A

Pineal gland

47
Q

How does age affect melatonin levels

A

Decline with age

48
Q

1 factor that stimulates melatonin

A

Darkness
Setting circadian rhythm

49
Q

2 factors that reduce melatonin

A

Daylight
Irregular sleep pattern

50
Q

2 functions of melatonin

A

Sets circadian rhythm
potent antioxidant

51
Q

Difference in iodine atoms between thyroxine and triiodothyronine

A

Throxine - 4
triiiodothyronine - 3

52
Q

Which thyroid cell stores iodine

A

Thyroidfollicular cells

53
Q

Which thyroid cell stores calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells

54
Q

1 amino acid thats needed for production of thyroid hormones

A

selenium

55
Q

2 minerals essential for conversion of T4 to T3

A

Selenium and zinc

56
Q

Which is the most biologically-active thyroid hormone

A

T3 - check

57
Q

How are thyroid hormones measured

A

Free T4 and T3

58
Q

2 functions of thyroid hormones

A

Increase metabolic rate
Increase heat production

59
Q

factors that stimulate thyroid hormone production

A

TSH
Exercise
Stress
Malnutrition
Low blood glucose

60
Q

Factors that reduce thyroid hormone production

A

Low TSH
High T3

61
Q

Why are TSH levels measured in the morning

A

Highest at night
Shower higher TSH after fasting

62
Q

1 antibody used to identify autoimmune thyroid disease

A

Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies

63
Q

2 signs of hypothroidism

A

Tiredness
Malaise
Weight gain
thin hair
loss of eyebrowns

64
Q

4 symptons of hyopthyroidism

A

Goitre
blood test
dry, brittle skin
constipation

65
Q

Define Grave’s Disease

A

Hyperthyroidism characterised by hyper-metabolism (AI)

66
Q

2 causes of hypothyroidism

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Iodine difficiency

67
Q

Pathophysiology of Grave’s disease

A

Increase in IgG antibodies bind to TSH rectors and stimulate production of thyroid hormones

68
Q

4 signs / symptoms of grave’s disease

A

Nervousness
Irritability
Hyper activity

69
Q

How are blood calcium levels affected by calcitonin

A

Inhibits calcium reabsorption from bones & kidneys
Inhibits osteoclast activity

70
Q

How are blood calcium levels affected by Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases Osteoclast activity
Increases kidney reabsorption of calcium

71
Q

2 signs / symptoms of hyperparathyroidism

A

Look up

Hypercalcaemia

72
Q

2 signs / symptoms of hypoparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcaemia - muscle craps and spasms, tingling

73
Q

2 hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

74
Q

Main function of adrenaline and normadrenaline

A

Intensify sympathetic response

75
Q

2 factors inhibit adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

Eating
sleeping
Diaphragmatic breathing

76
Q

4 functions of cortisol

A

Production of glucose by liver
Anti-inflammatory
stimulate glucoueogenesis
reduce immune response

77
Q

2 functions of aldosterone

A

Maintain water and eletrolyte balance
Retention of water in kidneys

78
Q

1 factor that stimulates aldosterone

A

Low blood pressure or blood volume

79
Q

1 factor that inhibits aldosterone production

A

low blood potassium

80
Q

Difference between Cushing’s syndrome and Addison’s disease

A

Cushing’s - excessive glucocoticoids
Addison’s - addrenial insufficiency - hypo-functioning of the adrenal cortex

81
Q

2 causes of Cushing’s syndrome

A

Corticosteroid therapy
Adrenal adenoma - benign epitherial tumor

82
Q

3 signs / symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome

A

Weight gain
Moon face
Easy brusing
abdominal stretch marks

83
Q

1 cause of addison’s disease

A

Atrophy of adrenal gland
Often AI

84
Q

2 signs / symptoms of Addison’s disease

A

weakness
fatigue
hypotension
Hyperpigmentation

85
Q

Why does hyperpigmentation occur in addison’s disease

A

Excess corticotrophin releasing hormone which causes erroneous melanocye stimulating hormone

86
Q

What is meant by Addison’s crisis

A

An individual has no capacity to cope with stress

87
Q

2 functions of androgens

A

Group of sex hormones
Play a role in reproductive health
Production of public hair

88
Q

1 factor that stimulates androgen production

A

CRH - stimulates ACTH

89
Q

Difference between alpha cells and beta cells in the pancreas

A

Alpha - produce glucagon
Beta - insulin

90
Q

Normal blood glucose range

A

4-7 mmol / L

91
Q

2 functions of insulin

A

Lowers blood glucose levels
Stimulates cells to uptake glucose from blood

92
Q

2 factors that stimulate insulin production

A

High blood glucose
Eating
Sweet tastes

93
Q

2 factors that inhibit insulin production

A

Low blood sugar
Starvation
Glucagon

94
Q

1 function of glucagon

A

Acts on liver to elevate blood glucose levels

95
Q

2 factors that stimulate glucagon production

A

High blood glucose
Easting
Sweet tastes

96
Q

2 factors that stimulate glucagon production

A

Insulin
Hyperglycaemia

97
Q

Compare Type I and Type II diabetes

A

Type 1 - absolute Insufficiency of insulin causing persistent hyperglycaemia
Type II - cells develop insulin resistance
Glucose can not enter cells

98
Q

1 cause of secondary diabetes

A

PCOS

99
Q

Which type of diabetes is a woman with gestational diabetes at higher risk of developing

A

II

100
Q

2 dietary causes of type I diabetes

A

Infant exposure to dairy and gluten
vit D deficiency

101
Q

1 viral cause of type I diabetes

A

Polio

102
Q

3 signs / symptoms of type I diabetes

A

Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia

103
Q

2 lifestyle factors that contribute to the development of type II diabetes

A

Obesity
High GI diet

104
Q

2 tests for identifying diabetes mellitus

A

Blood glucose test
Glycated haemoglobin
HbA1c)

105
Q

3 complications of diabetes mellitus

A

Heart disease
retinopathy
Diabetic kidney disease

106
Q

When does ketoacidosis develop

A

When glucose is low or cells can not utilise glucose
Mitochondria can use ketones to make energy

107
Q

4 signs / symptoms of hypoglycaemia

A

Shaking / trembling
Sweating
Pins & needles
Hunger & irritability

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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