Endocrine System 9 Flashcards
Describe the function of the endocrine system
To coordinate the activity of organs through hormones, chemical messengers.
Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands
Exocrine - excrete products into ducts
Endocrine - ductless, excrete hormones into blood
Name 2 Endocrine glands
Pituitary
Adrenals
Thyroid
4 Endocrine tissues
Heart
GIT
Liver
Placenta
Kidneys
Skin
Describe down regulation and give one example
Hormones are in excess , target cell receptors may decrease
Puberty
Describe up regulation and give one example
Hormone deficiency causes and increase in target receptors
Difference between receptors for protein-based hormones and lipid hormones
Protein based hormone receptors are part of the cell membrane
Lipid based hormone receptors are within cells
Compare Autonomic Nervous system and Endocrine system
Autonomic
Rapid
Less precise
Duration shorter
Neurotransmitters
Central nervous system
Endocrine
Slower
More precise
Longer
Hormones
Hypothalamus
2 ways hormone secretion is regulated
- nervous system signals
- Chemical changes in blood
- Other hormones
Master endocrine gland
Pituitary
3 releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
TRH - thyrotrophin
CHRH - Growth hormone
CRH corticotrophin
PLRH - Prolactin
GnRH - gonadotrophin
2 inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus
GHIH - growth
PIH prolacctin (dopamine)
2 hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland
Oxytocin
antidiuretic - ADH
Prolactin target tissue
Breasts
FSH/LH target tissue
Overies & testes
MSH target tissue
Skin
TSH target tissue
Thyroid
ACTH target tissue
Adrenal cortex
GH target tissue
Most body tissues
1 hypothalamic hormone that stimulates release of ACTH & MSH
Corticotrophin
2 functions of growth hormone
regulates metabolism
Promotes growth & division of most body cells
2 functions of ACTH
Output of steroid hormones eg cortisol
Cirrandian rhythm
2 functions of prolactin
Stimulates lactation
Prevents pregnancy during lactation
2 factors that stimulate the production of growth hormone
Nighttime
Exercise
Childhood / adolescence
Hypogycaemia
2 factors that influence the production of ACTH
Hightened in the am
Stress
Exercise
2 factors that influencer prolactin (not birth)
Suckling
Sleep
Emotional stress
when are levels of TSH lowest
early evening
when are levels of TSH at their highest
during the night
1 function of MSH
role in skin, hair and eye pigmentation
2 functions of oxytosin
contracts uterus after childbirth
bonding hormone (cuddle hormone)
2 factors (not suckling that stimulate oxytocin production
childbirth (position feedback)
emotional state
What is colostrum
First breast fluid that contains water, lactic sugars and antibodies
Main function of colostrum
Laxative to encourage bowel movement
How does ADH prevent loss of fluid from the body?
Reduces urine output by encouraging reabsorsion of kidneys
Vasocontriction to increase blood pressure
1 factor that stimulates production of ADH
Increased osmotic pressure
Reduced fluid intake, thirst, vomiting
1 factor that inhibits production of ADH
Reduced osmotic pressure
Increased fluid alcohol
Difference between acromegaly and giantism
Acromegaly - excess growth hormone post puberty
Giantism - excess growth hormone in puberty
2 signs / symptoms of acromegaly
Large facial features
Increased size of hands and feet
Why is type 2 diabetes a potential complication of acromegaly and giantism
GH increases blood glucose which can lead to insulin resistance
What is this pathology
Galctorrhoea, amenorrhoea, decreased libido and sub-fertility
Hyperprolactinaemia
cause - pituitary tumour
What is galatorrhoea
Flow of milk from breast not assocaited with childbrith
Difference between diabetes insipidus and Type 2 diabetes
Insipidus - deficiency of ADh production causing kidneys to over excrete
Type II - Insulin resistance, deficiency, disease or damage
2 causes of diabetes insipidus
Cranial - brain tumour
Renal - kidney disease or damage
2 signs / symptoms of diabetes insipidus
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Weight loss
Findings of tests for diabetes insipidus
Urine volume - high
Urine concentration - low
Sodium - high
Which gland produces melatonin
Pineal gland
How does age affect melatonin levels
Decline with age
1 factor that stimulates melatonin
Darkness
Setting circadian rhythm
2 factors that reduce melatonin
Daylight
Irregular sleep pattern
2 functions of melatonin
Sets circadian rhythm
potent antioxidant
Difference in iodine atoms between thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Throxine - 4
triiiodothyronine - 3
Which thyroid cell stores iodine
Thyroidfollicular cells
Which thyroid cell stores calcitonin
Parafollicular cells
1 amino acid thats needed for production of thyroid hormones
selenium
2 minerals essential for conversion of T4 to T3
Selenium and zinc
Which is the most biologically-active thyroid hormone
T3 - check
How are thyroid hormones measured
Free T4 and T3
2 functions of thyroid hormones
Increase metabolic rate
Increase heat production
factors that stimulate thyroid hormone production
TSH
Exercise
Stress
Malnutrition
Low blood glucose
Factors that reduce thyroid hormone production
Low TSH
High T3
Why are TSH levels measured in the morning
Highest at night
Shower higher TSH after fasting
1 antibody used to identify autoimmune thyroid disease
Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies
2 signs of hypothroidism
Tiredness
Malaise
Weight gain
thin hair
loss of eyebrowns
4 symptons of hyopthyroidism
Goitre
blood test
dry, brittle skin
constipation
Define Grave’s Disease
Hyperthyroidism characterised by hyper-metabolism (AI)
2 causes of hypothyroidism
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Iodine difficiency
Pathophysiology of Grave’s disease
Increase in IgG antibodies bind to TSH rectors and stimulate production of thyroid hormones
4 signs / symptoms of grave’s disease
Nervousness
Irritability
Hyper activity
How are blood calcium levels affected by calcitonin
Inhibits calcium reabsorption from bones & kidneys
Inhibits osteoclast activity
How are blood calcium levels affected by Parathyroid hormone
Increases Osteoclast activity
Increases kidney reabsorption of calcium
2 signs / symptoms of hyperparathyroidism
Look up
Hypercalcaemia
2 signs / symptoms of hypoparathyroidism
Hypocalcaemia - muscle craps and spasms, tingling
2 hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Main function of adrenaline and normadrenaline
Intensify sympathetic response
2 factors inhibit adrenaline and noradrenaline
Eating
sleeping
Diaphragmatic breathing
4 functions of cortisol
Production of glucose by liver
Anti-inflammatory
stimulate glucoueogenesis
reduce immune response
2 functions of aldosterone
Maintain water and eletrolyte balance
Retention of water in kidneys
1 factor that stimulates aldosterone
Low blood pressure or blood volume
1 factor that inhibits aldosterone production
low blood potassium
Difference between Cushing’s syndrome and Addison’s disease
Cushing’s - excessive glucocoticoids
Addison’s - addrenial insufficiency - hypo-functioning of the adrenal cortex
2 causes of Cushing’s syndrome
Corticosteroid therapy
Adrenal adenoma - benign epitherial tumor
3 signs / symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome
Weight gain
Moon face
Easy brusing
abdominal stretch marks
1 cause of addison’s disease
Atrophy of adrenal gland
Often AI
2 signs / symptoms of Addison’s disease
weakness
fatigue
hypotension
Hyperpigmentation
Why does hyperpigmentation occur in addison’s disease
Excess corticotrophin releasing hormone which causes erroneous melanocye stimulating hormone
What is meant by Addison’s crisis
An individual has no capacity to cope with stress
2 functions of androgens
Group of sex hormones
Play a role in reproductive health
Production of public hair
1 factor that stimulates androgen production
CRH - stimulates ACTH
Difference between alpha cells and beta cells in the pancreas
Alpha - produce glucagon
Beta - insulin
Normal blood glucose range
4-7 mmol / L
2 functions of insulin
Lowers blood glucose levels
Stimulates cells to uptake glucose from blood
2 factors that stimulate insulin production
High blood glucose
Eating
Sweet tastes
2 factors that inhibit insulin production
Low blood sugar
Starvation
Glucagon
1 function of glucagon
Acts on liver to elevate blood glucose levels
2 factors that stimulate glucagon production
High blood glucose
Easting
Sweet tastes
2 factors that stimulate glucagon production
Insulin
Hyperglycaemia
Compare Type I and Type II diabetes
Type 1 - absolute Insufficiency of insulin causing persistent hyperglycaemia
Type II - cells develop insulin resistance
Glucose can not enter cells
1 cause of secondary diabetes
PCOS
Which type of diabetes is a woman with gestational diabetes at higher risk of developing
II
2 dietary causes of type I diabetes
Infant exposure to dairy and gluten
vit D deficiency
1 viral cause of type I diabetes
Polio
3 signs / symptoms of type I diabetes
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
2 lifestyle factors that contribute to the development of type II diabetes
Obesity
High GI diet
2 tests for identifying diabetes mellitus
Blood glucose test
Glycated haemoglobin
HbA1c)
3 complications of diabetes mellitus
Heart disease
retinopathy
Diabetic kidney disease
When does ketoacidosis develop
When glucose is low or cells can not utilise glucose
Mitochondria can use ketones to make energy
4 signs / symptoms of hypoglycaemia
Shaking / trembling
Sweating
Pins & needles
Hunger & irritability
