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Biomedicine > Nervous system 1 13 > Flashcards

Nervous system 1 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Network of fibres that span the body co-ordinating a diverse range of voluntary and involuntary actions

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2
Q

Which system does the nervous system work alongside?

A

Endocrine

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3
Q

What are the three areas of function of the nervous system?

A

Sensory (input)
Integration
Motor (response)

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4
Q

What is the sensory function of the nervous system?

A

Detect internal and external environment changes

Eg proprioception, sensation and touch

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5
Q

What impulse carries sensory information?

A

Sensory neurons

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6
Q

What is the integration function of the nervous system?

A

Processes sensory info

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7
Q

What carries integration info in the brain?

A

Interneurons

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8
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Produce a response to sensory info to effect change

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9
Q

What 2 categories can the peripheral nervous system be divided into?

A

Somatic
Autonomic

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10
Q

2 categories of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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11
Q

What controls the autonomic nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system work and what’s it’s aim

A

Automatically and involuntarily to maintain homeostasis

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13
Q

What is the inversion of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Thoraco-lumber

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14
Q

What is the inversion of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Cranio-sacral inversion

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15
Q

What happens to the body in a sympathetic state?

A

Pupils dilate
Bronchodilation
Heart rate and blood pressure increase
Git motility decreases
Liver converts glycogen to glucose
Adrenal glands release adrenaline

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16
Q

What happens to the body in a parasympathetic state?

A

Pupil constriction
Bronchoconstriction
Heart rate and blood pressure decease
GIT motility increases
Glycogen synthesis in liver
NO adrenaline

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17
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Brain of the gut containing 100 million neurons

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18
Q

What system regulates enteric nervous system?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

Which nerve links the enteric nervous system to the CNS

A

Vagus nerve

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20
Q

What do sensory neurons monitor in the enteric nervous system?

A

Chemical changes
Stretch receptors

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21
Q

What do motor neurons do in the enteric nervous system?

A

Govern motility and secretions

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22
Q

What do interneurons do in the enteric nervous system?

A

Connect the two plexus

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23
Q

2 types of cell found in nervous tissue

A

Neurons
Neuroglia (glial cells)

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24
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Process and transmit info
Electrically excitable
Functional unit of the nervous system

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25
Q

What do neuroglia (glial cells)

A

Supporting cells that nourish, support and protect neurons

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26
Q

What percentage of the brain is made up of neuroglia?

A

90% brain volume

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27
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundle of one or more neurons

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28
Q

What is a neuron ability to create an electrical impulse called?

A

Action potential

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29
Q

What are collections of cell bodies known as? Note they have different names in the CNS and PNS

A

Nuclei - for functional and structural units of brain

Ganglia - in PNS

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30
Q

What are cell bodies known collectively as?

A

Grey matter

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31
Q

What do axons do?

A

Carry nerve impulses towards another neuron, away from the cell body

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32
Q

What are axon bundles called?

A

Tracts in CNS
Nerves in PNS

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33
Q

If injured how quickly can axons regenerate

A

1-2mm per day

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34
Q

What is the myelin sheath

A

Multi-layered lipid and protein covering around the axon

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35
Q

What is the benefit of the myelin sheath?

A

Increases the speed of nerve conduction

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36
Q

What are the gaps in the myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes if Ranvier

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37
Q

What vitamin (Co-factor) is needed for th production of myelin

A

Vitamin B12

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38
Q

3 facts about what grey matter is made from

A

Mostly cell bodies
Dendrites
Unmylinated axons

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39
Q

1 facts about what white matter is made from

A

Myelinated axons
Whiteish colour if myelin gives the region its name

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40
Q

What are neuroglia or glial cells?

A

Non-excitatory
Surround and bind neurons

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41
Q

Size and prevalence of neuroglia compared to neurons

A

Smaller than neurons
50 x more prevalent
They can multiply and divide (unlike neurons)

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42
Q

3 functions of neuroglia

A

1 surround neurons
2 supply nutrients
3 destroy pathogens

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43
Q

Name the 6 types of neuroglia

A

Astrocytes
Oligoendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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44
Q

Facts about astroxytes

A

In CNS
Star-shaped
Most numerous and largest (in CNS)
Hold neurons to their blood supply
Contribute to BBB

45
Q

Facts about oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cells that myelinate axons in the CNS

46
Q

Facts about microglia

A

Derived from monocytes - migrate to CNS after birth
Immune cell in brain
Phagocytise
Mobil in brain

47
Q

Facts about ependymal cells

A

Line the walls of the cerebrum & spinal cord central canal

Produce cerebrospinal fluid (csf)

48
Q

Facts about Swann cells

A

Peripheral nervous system
Produce myelin
Myelin increases speed of nerve impulses
Unmylenated gaps called nodes of Ranvier

49
Q

Facts about satellite cells

A

Surround cell bodies in the PND ganglia providing structural support & nutrients

PROTECTIVE & NUTRIENTS

50
Q

What are the two types of electrical signal from a neuron?

A

Graded potential and action potential

51
Q

Facts about graded potential

A

Short distance communication
Dendrites and cell body
Amplitude proportional to strength (no threshold)
Longer duration

52
Q

Facts about action potential

A

Long-distance communication
Propagated down axon
All or nothing (as threshold) - think spider
Shorter duration

53
Q

2 characteristics that facilitate graded and action potential

A

Specific ion channels that open and close
Electrical difference - resting potential

54
Q

What do ion channels do?

A

Transport channels for ions created by transmembrane proteins within the neuron membrane

55
Q

What happens when ion channels open?

A

They allow specific ions to move through the membrane across the concentration gradiant

56
Q

What makes ion channels open?

A

A stimulus which changes the permeability of the membrane
Stimuli include changes in voltage, hormones and mechanical pressure

57
Q

How is resting potential created?

A

By a build up of negative ions on the inside of the cell membrane relative to the extracellular fluid which contains more positive ions

58
Q

How many mV is the resting potential

A

-70mV

59
Q

What is the term for a cell exhibiting a membrane potential

A

Polarised or charged

60
Q

What is the extracellular fluid rich in and is it positive or negatively charged?

A

Sodium NA - positively charged

61
Q

What is the intracellular fluid rich in and which charge does it carry?

A

Potassium K negatively charged

62
Q

What controls the separation of charges?

A

The sodium potassium pump

63
Q

What ratio of molecules does the sodium potassium pump allow through?

A

It pumps 3 NA (sodium) for every 2k (potassium) back in using ATP

64
Q

What is an action potential

A

The formulation of a nerve impulse

A series of events that reverses the membrane potential and then restores it to its resting state.

65
Q

What are the two phases of action potential

A

Depolarisation
Repolarisation

66
Q

What happens in depolarisation

A

The negative membrane potential -70mV becomes positive +3-mV

It must reach a threshold of -5∞mv to generate an action potential

Sodium channel opens to allow potassium to flood in up to +3-mv

67
Q

What happens in repolorisation

A

The membrane is restored ot -70mv

Potassium channel opens more slowly
Allows potassium to flood out of the the cell and restores the membrane potential

68
Q

What is the action potential refractory period?

A

After repolarisation where the nerve cannot generate another action potential because sodium and potassium are on the wrong sides of the membrane.

69
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

Even a strong impulse cannot generate an action potential

70
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

A larger than normal stimulus is needed to generate an action potential

71
Q

What is conduction

A

Movement of a nerve impulse along the axon of a neuron

72
Q

Facts about unmyelinated axons

A

No myelin sheath around the nerve
membrane depolarised in a continuous conduction away from cell body
Step-by-step repolarisation and repolarisation in one direction only

73
Q

Facts about myelinated axons

A

Myelin is an insulator
At nodes of Ranvier there is a high concentration of Sodum gates
Action potentions leap accross myelinated axon
Saltatory conduction is more energy efficient

74
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

‘leaping’ of currents from node to node

75
Q

Continuous conduction key facts

A

Unmyelinated
Step-by-step depolarisation
Slower
Less energy efficient

76
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Myelinated
‘leaps’ of depolarisation
Faster
More energy efficient

77
Q

How do local anaesthetics work?

A

Block sodium gates - stopping action potential

78
Q

What are synapses?

A

Gaps between neurons

79
Q

What is a synaptic end bulb?

A

End of an axon terminal

80
Q

What is a synaptic cleft

A

Space between synaptic end bulbs filled with interstitial fluid

81
Q

What is the chemical messenger which carries the nerve impulse along the synaptic cleft?

A

Neurotransmitters

82
Q

4 stages for a synapse transmitting a signal

A
  1. action potential at synaptic end bulb
    Depolarisation - calcium channels open
  2. Increase in calcium concentration - exocytosis (movement out) of synaptic vesicles - neurotransmitters released
  3. Neautrotransmitters diffuse and bind to receptors
  4. Ion channels open generating action potential
83
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger

Released from a pre-synaptic terminal causing and effect on a post-synaptic cell

100’s have been indentified

84
Q

4 categories of neurotransmitters

A

Amino acids
Monoamines
Peptides
Unique molecules

85
Q

2 examples of amino acid neurotransmitters

A

glutamate and GABA

86
Q

2 examples of monoamine neurotransmitters

A

dopamine and serotonin

87
Q

1 example of a peptide neurotransmitter

A

Endorphin

88
Q

1 example of a unique molecule neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

89
Q

2 ways to classify neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

90
Q

Compare excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory - causes depolarisation
Opens sodum channels
Inner membrane becomes more positive

Inhibitory - causes - hyperpolarisation
Opens postassium channels
Inner membrane becomes more negative

91
Q

How can neurotransmitters be inactivated or removed

A

Diffusion
Enzyme breakdown
re-absorption

92
Q

What is glutamate and what does it do?

A

Excitatory NT in CNS. Plays a role in memory and learning

93
Q

What is GABA and what is it produced by?

A

Major inhibitory NT in the brain - produced by glutamate

94
Q

What vitamin is the conversion of glutamate of GABA dependant on ?

A

B6

95
Q

What is glutamate produce from?

A

Glutamine

96
Q

What is Serotonin produced from?

A

The animo acid tryptophan

97
Q

Where is most serotonin produced?

A

95% in enteric nervous system - digestive tract

98
Q

What is serotonin’s role in the GIT

A

Peristalsis and secretion

99
Q

What does serotonin play are role in

A

peristalsis, sleep, attention and pain regulation

100
Q

Where is dopamine located?

A

Several areas of the brain including the substantia nigra

101
Q

What is dopamine produce from?

A

The animo acid tyrosine

102
Q

What does dopamine play a role in?

A

Movement, reward mechanisms, muscle tone, cognition and emotion

103
Q

What disease is dopamine depletion associated with?

A

Parkinson’s disease

104
Q

Key facts about adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

Monoamine
Produced from tyrosine
Excitatory - open sodium channels

105
Q

What are neuropeptides?

A

Small proteins acting as neurotransmitters and hormones

106
Q

What are common neuropeptides?

A

Endorphins
Dynorphins
substance P

107
Q

What does substance P enhance?

A

The feeling of pain

108
Q

What are enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins?

A

Opioids - body-s natural analgesics

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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