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Biomedicine > Cardiovascular system II > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system II Flashcards

1
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Blood from the heart is distributed around
the body before returning to the heart.

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2
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood from the heart to the lungs and
back to the heart.

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3
Q

Main role of capillaries

A

Exchange of
substances between blood and cells / tissues

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4
Q

Arteries & Arterioles
Location
Blood content
Pressure
Valves?

A

Away from heart
Oxygenated
High pressure
No valves

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5
Q

Veins & venules
Location
Blood content
Pressure
Valves?

A

Towards the heart
Deoxygenated
Low pressure
Valves

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6
Q

How does the structure of capillaries support their main role?

A

Capillaries contain only one layer of
cells (the ‘endothelium’).

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7
Q

Inner layer of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima

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8
Q

Middle layer of blood vessels

A

Tunica media

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9
Q

Outer layer of blood vessels

A

Tunica externa

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10
Q

3 functions/ characteristics tunica intima

A

endothelium (epithelial tissue)
protects the vessel wall & secretes chemicals.
Monitors changes in the blood

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11
Q

2 characteristics Tunica media

A

Smooth muscle
Controls blood vessel diameter

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12
Q

Tunica externa made from

A

elastic and collagen fibres

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13
Q

Which muscle type supports the return of venous blood to the heart?

A

Skeletal muscles

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14
Q

Which transport process supports the capillary exchange of gases?

A

Diffusion

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15
Q

Which transport process supports the capillary exchange of nutrients?

A

Facilatated diffusion and active transport

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16
Q

Which transport process supports the capillary exchange of water?

A

osmosis

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17
Q

Where is most blood found in the body?

A

64% blood in systemic veins / venules.
* 13% in systemic arteries / arterioles.

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18
Q

What is the hepatic first pass?

A

Venous blood passes from the
digestive tract, spleen and
pancreas directly to the liver

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19
Q

Portal vein

A

The vessel that carries the
absorbed substances from the GIT, spleen pancreas to the liver

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20
Q

Which nervous system stimulates vasoconstriction?

A

Sympathetic nervous

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21
Q

How do vasoconstriction and vasodilation impact blood pressure?

A

Vasoconstriction - increases blood pressure
Vasodilation - reduces blood pressure

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22
Q

Heart location

A

The heart rests on the
diaphragm, in the thoracic
near the midline, pointing left.

Apex 5th intercostal space.

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23
Q

Heart key facts

A

fist-sized muscular
organ

Blood pumps through 60k
miles of blood vessels

12 cm long, 9 cm wide

250 g in females. 300 g in males

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24
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner lining of the heart
Smooth endothelium
Provides a smooth lining

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25
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac
muscle and
makes up
95% of heart.

PUMP

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26
Q

Pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium that
attaches to the diaphragm and
an inner serous pericardium

Keeps position and allows free movement

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27
Q

HEart layer than contains cardiac muscle

A

Myocardium

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28
Q

Auto-rhythmic

A

Ability to generate its own rhythm

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29
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A
  1. Right atrium.
  2. Right ventricle.
  3. Left atrium.
  4. Left ventricle.
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30
Q

Is the right ventricle thicker than the left ventricle?

A

No, left ventricle is thicker.

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31
Q

Role of ductus arteriosum

A

Temporary blood vessel during foetal life
shunts blood from
the pulmonary trunk to the aorta.

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32
Q

4 factors that influence heart rate and strength

A

Hormones
Age
Sex
Body Position
Exercise
Stress
Temperature

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33
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system influence heart rate and strength?

A

Increases strength and rate of constriction
Vasoconstriction

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34
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system influence heart rate and strength

A

Vagus nerve
Decreases strength and rate of constriction
Vasodialation

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35
Q

Describe the role of the sinoatrial node

A

pacemaker of the heart

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36
Q

where is the sinoatrial node?

A

right atrial wall

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37
Q

Conduction system of the heart

A
  1. Sinoatrial node - causes atrial contraction
  2. Atrioventricular node - replay station
  3. Atrioventricular bundle (‘Bundle of His’): conduct from atria to ventricles.
  4. Right and left bundle branches - towards the apex of the heart
  5. . Purkinje fibres:- vertricular contraction
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38
Q

Which type of respiration does the cardiac muscle require

A

aerobic respiration

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39
Q

What is the predominant fuel used by the cardiac muscle?

A

Fatty acids - 50-70%

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40
Q

What can the heart use to produce ATP during exercise?

A

Lactic acid

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41
Q

What is meant by pulse rate?

A

Blood pressure wave originating from the heart

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42
Q

Average adult pulse rate

A

70-90

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43
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood being pumped by the heart per minute

44
Q

Tachycardia

A

Resting heart rate over 100 bpm

45
Q

Bradycardia

A

Resting heart rate under 60 bpm

46
Q

Systole

A

The force that drives blood out of
the heart (contraction).

47
Q

Diastolen

A

Period of relaxation when the
heart fills with blood

48
Q

NHS normal range of blood pressure

A

90/60
–140/90

49
Q

2 organs have the highest priority for blood

A

Brain & heart

50
Q

2 functions of cholesterol

A

Cell membrane integrity (vital in the brain).
Vitamin D and calcium metabolism.
Sex hormones (e.g., oestrogen, testosterone).

51
Q

How cholesterol is transported around the body

A

Hydrophobic transported as lipoproteins.

52
Q

Function low density liporoteins (LDL)

A

Carry 75% of cholesterol from liver to cells in the body

53
Q

Function of high density lipoproteins (HDL)

A

Remove excess cholesterol from body cells and transport it to the liver

54
Q

Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis

A

Narrowing and hardening of arteries
1. Damage to endothelium creates inflammation
2. LDLs deposit on the Tunica Intima, oxidise and attract phoagocytes
3. Macrophages surround
4. Smooth muscle proliferate
5. A plaque is formed

55
Q

4 causes of atherosclerosis

A

Hyperglycaemia (e.g., diabetes),
obesity,
hypertension,
smoking,
stress,
sedentary lifestyle,
excessive
alcohol,
trans fats, gut / oral dysbiosis, intestinal permeability.

56
Q

2 ways atherosclerosis presents

A

Angina pectoris .
Stroke

57
Q

4 causes of hypercholesterolemia

A

Gene defect
* Age-related (risk increases with age).
* Diet (high refined sugars,
trans fats, table salt, etc.).
* Sedentary lifestyle.
* Diabetes mellitus (insulin resistance).
* Obesity.
* Excessive alcohol.
* Smoking.

58
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Ischaemic heart disease due to obstruction
or spasm of the coronary arteries.

59
Q

Pathophysiology of angina pectoris

A

demands of the myocardium
not being met by its blood supply; e.g., due
to atherosclerosis or vascular spasm.

60
Q

Stable and unstable Angina pectoris

A

Stable: Pain is precipitated by physical exercise.
* Unstable: Occurs randomly, even at rest. More
severe and can last longer

61
Q

2 signs / symptoms of angina pectoris

A

constricting chest pain
Eases on rest.
Dyspnoea - difficulty breathing

62
Q

Most common cause of a myocardial infarction

A

Usually due to blockage of a coronary artery by a thrombus

63
Q

Describe the pain associated with a myocardial infarction

A

Severe chest pain
Does not improve on rest.
Overwhelming anxiety / sense of impending doom.

64
Q

What does myocardial infarction mean?

A

Heart attack
Infarction - death of a tissue

65
Q

2 causes of heart failure

A
  1. Other cardiovascular
    conditions, e.g., coronary heart disease,
    hypertension, heart valve diseases.
  2. Insulin resistance → impaired
    myocardial glucose utilisation.
66
Q

Which type of heart failure is associated with pulmonary oedema?

A

Left sided

Oedema = swelling / accumulation of water

67
Q

2 allopathic treatments for acute heart failure

A

GTN sublingually (nitrate medicine under the tongue)
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

68
Q

2 allopathic treatments for chronic heart failure

A

ACE inhibitors - reduce blood pressure
beta-blockers

69
Q

2 causes of a stroke

A

Thrombus / embolus (80%) = ischaemic stroke.
Haemorrhagic stroke — blood vessel damage

Ischaemic - medical problem where there is a lack of blood flow

70
Q

What is a stroke?

A

A disruption of blood supply to the brain.

Brain dysfunction lasting more than 24 hours

71
Q

What is heart failure

A

Heart is impaired as a pump and fails to supply sufficient blood flow

72
Q

What is a heart attack

A

Necrosis (death) of myocardial tissue due to ischaemia.
Usually due to blockage of a coronary artery by a thrombus

73
Q

What is ischaemia

A

Medical problem where there is not enough blood flow to a part of the body

74
Q

3 signs and or symptoms of a stroke

A

F – Face
A – Arm
S – Speech
T – Time (act fast and call 999)
Typically asymmetrical

75
Q

Difference between a stroke and transient ischaemic attack

A

Transient ischaemic attack
Temporary, lasts no longer than 24 hours
Impaired functions improve

Stroke
Lasts more than 24 hours

76
Q

Acronym for stroke symptoms

A

Face
Arms
Speech
Time

77
Q

Brain location where berry aneurysms typically occur

A

Centre of the cerebrum

78
Q

What is an Aneurysm

A

Abnormal local dilations of arteries due to weakness of
the vessel wall

79
Q

Define hypertension

A

High blood pressure
Major risk factor in cardio vascular disease

80
Q

2 primary causes of hypertension

A

Generally lifestyle and family
history.

Unhealthy lifestyle - Obesity, age, smoking, sedentary, stress, excess alcohol,

81
Q

1 secondary cause of hypertension

A

Another disease - eg diabetes

82
Q

2 complications of hypertension

A

Cardiovascular disease
cerebrovascular events
Stoke
Kidney disease

cerebrovascular = relating to the blood vessels that supply the brain

83
Q

Celebrovascular meaning

A

Relating to the blood vessels that supply the brain

84
Q

Difference between valve stenosis and valve regurgitation

A

Valve stenosis - Fibrosis and calcification of valve causing obstruction to blood flow through heart
Valve regurgitation - Inadequate valve closure causing leakage

85
Q

Artrial fibrillation

A

Irregular rhythm and force leading to inadequate blood supply

86
Q

Compare myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest

A

Medical emergency as the heart has stopped
Mycardial infarction (heart attack) - Necrosis (death) of myocardial tissue due to ischaemia.
Usually due to blockage of a coronary artery by a thrombus.

87
Q

Endocarditis

A

An inflammation of the endocardium and valves

88
Q

What are Osler’s nodes and what are they are sign of

A

red tender spots
under skin of fingers

Endocarditis

89
Q

Compare myocarditis and pericarditis

A

Myocarditis - Inflammation of the myocardium.
Pericarditis - Acute inflammation of the pericardium.

90
Q

1 viral cause of pericarditis

A

Flu
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

91
Q

2 signs / symptoms of pericarditis

A

Chest pain
Dyspnoea - difficulty breathing

92
Q

Dysnopea

A

difficulty breathing

93
Q

Describe ‘cardiac tamponade’ - complication of pericarditis

A

Fluid collects in the
pericardium, putting pressure on the heart, inhibiting it from
filling completely

94
Q

2 DVT risk factors

A

Reduced blood flow (immobility,
pressure on vein by tumour,
long-haul flights).
* Varicose veins.
* Changes in blood (dehydration,
polycythaemia, sticky platelets,
oral contraceptive pill).
* Damage to blood vessel wall

95
Q

How is DVT diagnosed?

A

Ultrasound
D Dimer test

96
Q

Compare DVT and Varicose veins

A

DVT Thrombus formation in the deep
veins of the legs.

Varicose veins - Incompetent valves cause pooling of the venous
blood
chronically dilated superficial veins.

97
Q

Haemorrhoids

A

Dilated veins in the anal canal.

98
Q

2 causes of haemorrhoids

A

Chronic constipation
Pregnancy
Hypertension

99
Q

2 signs / symptoms of haemorrhoids

A

Bright red blood with bowel movements,
protruding haemorrhoids,
anal itching

100
Q

Reynaud’s syndrome

A

Intermittent attacks of ischaemia in extremities

101
Q

1 rheumatological causue of Raynaud’s syndrome

A

RA
Extreme temperature

102
Q

3 signs / symptoms of Raynaud’s syndrome

A

Pallor,
cyanosis,
redness

103
Q

2 cardiovascular causes of oedema

A

Heart failure
Renal disease
DVT

104
Q

ascites

A

An excessive accumulation of fluid in the peritoneum

105
Q

2 causes of ascites

A

Liver cirrhosis
Heart failure

106
Q

2 signs / symptoms of ascites

A

Abdominal distension
Nausea and suppressed appetite.

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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