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Biomedicine > Nervous system II 14 > Flashcards

Nervous system II 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What protects the spinal cord - x2?

A

Vertibral column and meninges

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2
Q

What protects the brain - x4?

A

Cranium, cranial meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood brain barrier

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3
Q

What is the meninges made from?

A

Connective tissue

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4
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia matter

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5
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Tough outer layer of the meninges
Contains venous sinuses

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6
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

Middle layer of the meniges
Collagen and elastic fibres

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7
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Inner layer of the meninges.
Thin transparent layer than contains blood vessels that supply the spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?

A

Subdural space

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9
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

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10
Q

What is a subdural haematoma

A

Venous blow, slowly develops

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11
Q

What type of haemorrhage is a rapid arterial bleed?

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

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12
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid

A

Clear liquid that protect the braind and spinal cord from trauma

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13
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid made from?

A

Filtered blood - mostly water, ions and glucose

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14
Q

Where do you find cerebrospinal fluid

A

Subarachnoid space, ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

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15
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid made by?

A

Ependymal cells

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16
Q

What rate is cerebrospinal fluid produced at?

A

500ml per day

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17
Q

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Supports and protects the brain and spinal cord - acting as a SHOCK ABSORBER
Maintains uniform pressure around the brain
Optimal chemical environment
Circulates nutrients and waste

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18
Q

What does the blood brain barrier do?

A

Protects the brain from: toxins, harmful substances and bacteria

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19
Q

Which cell type maintains the blood brain barrier?

A

astrocytes

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19
Q

What can be transported across the blood brain barrier?

A

Lipid soluable substances
Glucose
Gases
Ions

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19
Q

What does not pass the blood brain barrier

A

Proteins and some drugs

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19
Q

What are the four major parts of the brain?

A

Brainstem
Diencephalon ‘interbrain’
Cerebrum
Cerebellum ‘little brain’

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20
Q

Which part of the brain is known as the interbrain?

A

diencephalon

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21
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem

A

medula oblongata
pons
midbrain

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22
Q

What are the three parts of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

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23
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

Respiratory and cardiac centres - regulates heartbeat and breathing
Reflexes such as vomiting, sneezing and hiccuping
4 cranial nerves - 9-12
Motor tracts - corticospinal tract

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24
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Controls breathing
4 cranial nerves - 5-8
Relayas motor tracs

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25
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

Contains the substantia nigra - contains dopamine that helps control subconcious muscle activities
Eye reflexes and tracking
2 cranial nerves - 3 & 4
Movement of head and neck
Auditory tracts

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26
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Core of the brain - 80% of the diencephalon
Major relay centre - sensory info to the cerebrum
Integrates sensory and motor info

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27
Q

What does the epithalamus do?

A

Connects the limbic system (emotion, behaviour and long-term memory) to other parts of brain
PIneal gland secretes meletonin

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28
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Think emotional brain
Hormone regulation and homeostasis
Receives sensory info
Controls autonomic nervous system
Controls body temp
Regulations emotional and behaviour patterns (limbic)
Eating and drinking
Circadian rhythms

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29
Q

Facts about the cerebellum

A

of the 100 billion neurons in the brain - half are in the cerebellum but its only 1/10th of the brain mass

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30
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Maintain posture and balance
Co-ordinate skilled sequences of movement
Correction of errors during ongoing movement
Role in cognition, thought and language
Susceptible to injury from alcohol, Coeliac’s disease and B1 deficiency

31
Q

What is the name of symptoms of cerebellar disease

A

ataxia

32
Q

Key points about the structure of the cerebrum

A

It’s divided into two hemispheres - right and left

Outer cerebral cortex - grey matter
Deeper region - white matter

33
Q

What is the corpus collosum

A

What contexts the two heispheres of the cerebrum

34
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A

Sensory perception
Motor control of skeletal muscles

35
Q

What is the corticospinal tract made from?

A

Motor neuron axons

36
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract cross over?

A

Medulla oblongata

37
Q

What does the corticospinal tract crossing over mean?

A

Left side of the brain coordinate the right side of the body and visa versa

38
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum (named after the four lobes that cover them)

A

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe

39
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Motor skills

40
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Hearing

41
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Sensory cortex

42
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Vision

43
Q

What does each region of the motor cortex do?

A

Controls voluntary movements of specific muscles

44
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

Activates different emotions

45
Q

Which parts of the brain form the limbic system?

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain

46
Q

Which part of the brain is ke in dealing with emotions?

A

Amygdala

47
Q

Which part of the brain plays a role in encoding and retrieving memories?

A

Hippocampus

48
Q

Why does the brain need a constant supply of oxygen and glucose?

A

As it has a limited ability to supply and store oxygen and glucose

49
Q

What percentage of cardiac output does the brain receive?

A

About 20% (despite only counting for 2% of the body mass).

50
Q

Which two arterial system supply the brain?

A

Carotid and vertebral

51
Q

Where the two arterial systems that supply the brain meet and form the circle of willis what type of aneurysms normally develop?

A

Berry aneurysms

52
Q

What is the name and function of cranial nerve I

A

Olfactory - sense of smell

53
Q

Name and function of cranial nerve II

A

OPtic - vision
Only nerve that spans through the majority of the cranium

54
Q

NAme and function of cranial nerve II

A

Oculomotor - moves eyeball and elevates eyelid

55
Q

Name and function of cranial nerve IV

A

Troclear - rotates eyes for reading

56
Q

Name and function of cranial nerve VI

A

Abducens - abdusts the eyes

57
Q

What can damage to cranial nerve III, IV and VI lead to

A

Strabismus (one eye crossed)
ptosis - drooping upper eyelid
diplopia - double vision

58
Q

Name and function of cranial nerve V

A

Trigeminal - facial sensations, mastication and some tast

59
Q

Name and function of cranial nerve VII

A

Facial nerve - taste, facial expression and salivary glands

60
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular

61
Q

Name and function of cranial nerve VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance

62
Q

Acronym for cranial nerves

A

On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny, Very Good Vehicle Any How

63
Q

Acronym for cranial nerve function

A

Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most

64
Q

NAme and function of cranial nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal - taste and swallow

65
Q

Name and function of cranial nerve X

A

Vagus nerve
Wandering nerve - long course
Largest nerve in autonomic nervous system
All sensory info from chest, and abdomen (heart, GI tract, lungs)
90% of its fibres are sensory

66
Q

NAme and function of cranial nerve XI

A

Assessory spinal nerve
Shoulder elevation, neck side bending and rotation

67
Q

Name and function of cranial nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal - tongue movement and speach

68
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end

A

Starts at the foramen magnum
Ends at L2

69
Q

What is the cauda equina

A

‘horse’s tail) spinal nerves that continue beyond the conus

70
Q

What does the spinal cord consist of

A

White matter around a grey matter core

71
Q

Facts about white matter in the spinal cord

A

Bundles of mylenated axons
Tracts - motor decending
Sensory - ascending

72
Q

Facts about the grey matter in the spinal cord

A

Cell bodies and dendrites
Divided into posterior dorsal horn - receives sensory info
Anterior ventral horn - sends motor impulses

73
Q

Dorsal column receives?

A

Light touch, vibration, proprioception
Ascending

74
Q

Spinothalamic tract recieves?

A

Pain and temperature
Ascending

75
Q

What is a reflex

A

A fast, automatic, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a stimulus

76
Q

5 steps of a reflex arc

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. Integrating centre
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector organ
77
Q

What is the name for the places where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?

A

vertebral foramina (holes)

78
Q

What does raised intracranial pressure mean?

A

An increase in pressure within the cranial cavity

79
Q

3+ causes for raised cranial pressure

A

Tumours
Haemorrhage
Hydrocephalus - excess cerebrospinal fluid
Meningitis
Encephalitis - inflammation of brain tissue

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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