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Biomedicine > Sense Organs > Flashcards

Sense Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the ears?

A

Vestibulocochler nerve CN8

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ear?

A

Outer
Middle
Inner

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3
Q

Which part of the ear connects to the nasopharynx and how?

A

Middle ear via the Eustachian tube

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4
Q

Name the three parts of the outer ear

A

Auricle / pinna
External auditory canal
Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

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5
Q

What is the auricle / pinnacle made from and what does it do?

A

Flap of elastic cartilage covered by skin that traps and directs sound waves

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6
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

Semi-transparent partition between external auditory canal and middle ear

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7
Q

What does the tympanic membrane do?

A

Converts sound waves into mechanical vibration

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8
Q

What is the middle ear

A

Small air-filled cavity in the temporal bone

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9
Q

What does stapes attach to?

A

It attaches to the ‘oval window’ which connects to the cochlea

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10
Q

What is the name of the small muscle in the middle ear and what does it do?

A

Stapedius
Dampens large vibrations and is inner ages by the facility nerve

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11
Q

What is another name for the inner ear?

A

Labyrinth

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12
Q

What are the names of the two parts of the inner ear?

A

Outer bony labyrinth
Inner membranous labyrinth

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13
Q

3 parts of the bony labyrinth and their functions

A

3 semi-circular canals & vestibule - receptors for balance

Cochlea - heading

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14
Q

What fluids are found in the labyrinth

A

Perilymph & endolymph

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15
Q

Where is the cochlea and describe its shape

A

Anterior to the vestibule
Spiralled hollow chamber

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16
Q

What is in the cochlea?

A

Epithelial cells line with hair cells, topped with 40-80 cilia each called stereocilia

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17
Q

What are stereocilia?

A

Receptors for hearing that extend into the endolymph

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18
Q

How does hearing in the inner ear work?

A

Fluid movement (vibration) causes stereocilia movement which initiated and electrical impulse

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19
Q

What does the vestibulocochlear nerve do?

A

Cranial nerve XIII provides sensory info for hearing and balance

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20
Q

Describe the structure of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

2 parts - vestibular fibres and cochlear fibres

Vestibular fibres have nerve branches that synapse with receptors for balance

Cochlear nerve provides hearing

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21
Q

Where in the brain does the vestibulocochlear nerve connect to?

A

Brainstorm

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22
Q

What are the 4 steps of sound sensation?

A

Sound wave
Mechanical vibration
Fluid waves
Nerve impulse

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23
Q

Stages of how sound travels (sound physiology)

A
  1. The pinna concentrates the waves and directs them along the auditory canal
  2. Vibrations transmitted though the middle ear by the 4 auditory ossicles
  3. Stapes rocks the oval window sending fluid waves in the cochlear perilymph
  4. Pressure waves transmitted to cochlea causing round window to bulge
  5. Pressure wave into endolymph
  6. Vibration of hair cells
  7. Bending stereocilia hair cells generates action potential
  8. Nerve impulse along vestibulocochlear
  9. Vestibulocochler impulse to cerebrum
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24
Q

What is pitch and how is it measured?

A

Frequency of sound waves Hz (hertz)

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25
Q

What is volume and how is it measured?

A

Amplitude of sound waves (dB) decibels

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26
Q

Prolonged exposure to what sound level causing hearing loss

A

90dB

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27
Q

What is white noise?

A

Background noise the brain ignores
Can be used to mask other sounds

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28
Q

Where is the Eustachian tube?

A

Connects nasopharynx to the middle ear

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29
Q

What are the roles of the Eustachian tube?

A

Equalise pressure between middle ear and atmosphere
Drain mucus

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30
Q

Why are middle ear infections more common in children?

A

Eustachian tube is more horizontal in children

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31
Q

Which parts of the inner ear aid balance by providing info about the head position?

A

Semi-circular canal and vestibules

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32
Q

How is info about head movement relayed for balance

A

Dense layer of calcium carbonate extends over and rests on the stereocilia called the otolithic memebrane

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33
Q

What is the otolithic memebrane?

A

Dense layer of calcium carbonate crystals

34
Q

What causes movement in the perilymph and endolymph?

A

Change in head position
Bend hair cells and stimulate sensory nerve endings

35
Q

Which part of the brain makes postural adjustments to maintain balance?

A

Cerebellum

36
Q

What feeds back to the cerebellum to make postural adjustments

A

Vestibular - ear
Visual
Proprioceptors - skeletal muscles

37
Q

Which nerve supplies the eye

A

Optic nerve - cranial nerve II

38
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eyeball?

A

Outer - sclera
Middle - uvea
Inner - retina

39
Q

What is the coloured portion of the eye called and what does it do?

A

Iris. Controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the pupil size

40
Q

What is behind the pupil and why does it do

A

Lens - further focused light along the cornea

41
Q

5 eye accessory structures

A

Eyebrows
Eyelids / lashes
Conjunctive
Lacrimal apparatus - produces tears
Blinking

42
Q

What do tears do

A

Protect the eye from infection and lubricate movements of the eye

43
Q

Which cranial nerve controls tears

A

Trigeminal nerve - CNV

44
Q

What do tears contain

A

IgA and lysozymes

45
Q

Which gland produces tears

A

Lacrimal gland

46
Q

3 steps to achieve clear vision

A
  1. refraction of light rays
  2. accomodation
  3. changing size of pupils
47
Q

What is refraction

A

Bending light rays
The cornea and lens refract light rays helping to focus the image on the retina

48
Q

What distance do objects need to be refracted from?

A

Closer than 6m

49
Q

What is accommodation

A

As lens curvature becomes greater its focusing power increases

50
Q

What happens to the lens when an object is close and what is this called

A

Ciliary muscle contracts - lens becomes more convex - greater refraction\
Called ‘accommodation’

51
Q

What happens to the lens when an object is far away and what is this called

A

Ciliary muscle relaxes - flattens the less - less refraction
Called ‘accommodation’

52
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to pupil size

A

Dilates the pupil

53
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to pupil size

A

Constricts the pupil

54
Q

What is eyeball convergence

A

MEdial movement of two eyeballs so they are both directed towards the same object

55
Q

What happens if convergence is not complete

A

Double vision - diplopia

56
Q

What is binocular vision?

A

Both eyes focus on one object which allows for perception of depth and 3D nature

57
Q

What is the part of the brain where images cross over

A

Optic chiasma

58
Q

Why is tunnel vision more common in pituitary tumours

A

As the optic chiasma sits next to the pituitary gland

59
Q

Where is the retina and what does it do?

A

Inner layer of the line

Beginning of the visual pathway

60
Q

What’s special about viewing the retina

A

It’s the only place where a nerve can be viewed

61
Q

What is the optic disc

A

Where the optic nerve exits the eyeball and causes a blind spot
It doesn’t contain any rod or cone cells

62
Q

2 layers of the retina

A

Pigmented layer
Photoreceptors

63
Q

2 types of photoreceptors

A

Rod cells and cone cells

64
Q

Difference between rod cells and cone cells

A

Rod cells - 120mil
See in dim light, no colour

Cone cells - 6 mil
Three types -blue, red and green
Cones regenerate quickly, rods take longer

65
Q

What is the macula lutea

A

Yellow spot at the centre of the retina

66
Q

What is the favea centralis

A

Small depression in the macula lutea that has only cone cells

Area of highest visual acuity

67
Q

What are photo-pigments and what are they derived from

A

Transmembrane proteins
Vitamin A

68
Q

Where is the most vitamin A stored

A

In the pigmented layer of the retina

69
Q

What is vitamin A derived from?

A

Retinoids

70
Q

3 types of retionoids

A

Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic acid

71
Q

What happens to vitamin A in the retina

A

Vitamin A in the form of retinal blinds to a protein called opsin to produce photopigments

72
Q

What are carotenoids

A

Precursors to vitamin A

73
Q

How many smell receptors are there and what are they contains in?

A

10-100 million
olfactory epithelium

74
Q

3 parts of the olfactory epithelium

A
  1. olfactory receptors - neurons attached to olfactory hairs
  2. supporting cells - physical support
  3. basal cells - stems cells that produce olfactory receptors
75
Q

How is smell processed

A

Chemical sense
Olfactory glands produce mucus
Secretion helps dissolve the odorant

76
Q

Which nerve is involved in smell

A

Olfactory nerve - CN1

77
Q

What is the connection between smell and emotion

A

Some of the axons in the olfactory tract project into the limbic system

78
Q

When it comes to smell what does adaptation mean

A

Decreased sensitivity to odours is rapid
Prevents us smelling bad odours

79
Q

What is another name for taste

A

Gustation

80
Q

Which cranial nerve is connected to the tongue

A

Hypoglossal nerve CNXII

81
Q

What do taste buds contain x 3

A

Gustatory receptor cells - detect taste
Basel cells - stem cells
Supporting cells

82
Q

4 nerves invloved in taste

A

Facial nerve - anterior 2/3 tongue
Glassopharyngeal nerve - taste and sensation
Trigemial nerve - tongue
Vagud nerve - throat and epiglottis

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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