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Biomedicine > Cardiovascular system 1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which two gasses are transports in blood plasma

A

Oxygen & carbon dioxide

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2
Q

4 types of organic waste that blood plasma transports

A

Uria
Creatine
Utica acid
Carbon dioxide

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3
Q

Name 2 anions

A

Chlorides
Bicarbonates
Phosphates

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4
Q

Name 2 catons

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium

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5
Q

What is a caton?

A

Blood plasma protein positively charged ion

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6
Q

4 nutritional products of digestion that pass into blood for distribution to all body cells?

A

Simple sugars
Amino acids
Fats
Vitamins

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7
Q

Another name for clotting factor 1

A

Fibrinogen

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8
Q

2 functions of globulins

A

Immunity- antibodies secreted by B cells
Transport - iron, vitamins and lipids

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9
Q

2 functions of Albumim

A

Carrier of substances - lipids & steroid hormones

Maintains osmotic pressure

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10
Q

Where are most blood plasma proteins synthesised?

A

Liver

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11
Q

3 components of cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

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12
Q

What is blood and what is it made from?

A

Connective tissue
Plasma 55%
Cells 45%

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13
Q

3 How does blood contribute to homeostasis?

A

By transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, waste, nutrients & hormones

Regulate pH & temperature

Immune function - antibodies, phagocytes & clotting factors

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14
Q

Name of red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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15
Q

White blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

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16
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes

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17
Q

Define haematopoiesis

A

Production of all blood cells

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18
Q

Where do all blood cells originate from

A

Pluripotent stem cells in the red bone marrow

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19
Q

Where is haematopoisis performed in the first 2 months of gestation

A

Embryonic yolk sac

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20
Q

Where is haematopoiesis carried out between 2 and 9 months of life?

A

Liver and spleen

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21
Q

What colour is all bone marrow in the first few years of life?

A

Red

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22
Q

4 locations where haematopoiesis takes place in adults

A

Proximal long bones (mostly femur)
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum
Skull
Pelvis

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23
Q

How does the structure of red blood cells support oxygen transport?

A

Bi concave and non nucleated, giving a larger surface area

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24
Q

Lifespan of an erythrocyte

A

90-120 days

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25
Q

Haematocrit meaning

A

% blood occupied by red blood cells
Female 42%
Make 47%

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26
Q

Structure of haemoglobin

A

4 polypeptide chains (globin)
Each chain is bound by haem which contains iron
Each group of 4 can carry 4 oxygen molecules

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27
Q

Difference adult and foetal haemoglobin

A

Adult - 2 x alpha & 2 x beta
Foetal 2 x alpha & 2 x gamma

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28
Q

Why is blood red?

A

Chemical bonds between iron & oxygen reflect light

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29
Q

Define erythropoiesis

A

Formation of red blood cells in red bone marrow

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30
Q

3 What nutrients are required for erythrocyte formation

A

B12
Folate B9
Iron

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31
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

Process stimulates the secretion of the hormone erythropoietin

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32
Q

Where is erythropoietin stimulated from

A

Kidneys

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33
Q

What is erythropoietin

A

A hormone that stimulates ertgropoiesis in the bone marrow

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34
Q

2 triggers of erythropoiesis

A

High altitude
Haemolysis
Blood loss
Pregnancy

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35
Q

Why do premature newborns often have anaemia?

A

Inadequate erythropoietin

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36
Q

What is haemolysis

A

Destruction of erythrocytes to release haemoglobin into plasma

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37
Q

Which cells undertake haemolysis

A

Macrophages (phagocytes cells)

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38
Q

Where are macrophages mainly found

A

Spleen

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39
Q

What is bilirubin

A

Yellow pigment formed from the breakdown of haem

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40
Q

How is bilirubin excreted

A

Bile & urine

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41
Q

What must happen to bilirubin for it to be excreted

A

Conjugated in the liver
Excreted in the GIT

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42
Q

What are the two main blood group systems?

A

ABO & rhesus

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43
Q

Universal donor
Universal recipient

A

Donor O-
Recipient AB+

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44
Q

Rhesus + and - meaning

A

+ have rhesus antigens
- rhesus antibodies are only produced if come into contact with rhesus antigen

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45
Q

When can someone who is rhesus negative come into contact with rhesus positive blood

A

Incompatible blood transfusion
Pregnancy

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46
Q

Placental sensitisation or transfusion in pregnancy

A

Rhesus antibodies are developed in a Rh negative mother

Baby has to be Rh+

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47
Q

Most common problem with Rh incompatibility

A

Haemolytic disease of the newborn

48
Q

2 functions of leukocytes

A
  1. Defend body against infection & foreign particles
  2. Produce immune response
49
Q

What is the most abundant type of leukocyte

A

Neutrophil 60%

50
Q

Compare mode of action of neutrophils & basophils

A

Neutrophils - phagocytosis - ingest & destroy microbes

Basophils - release histamine and heparin from granules

51
Q

Compare mode of action or neutrophils & eosinophils

A

Neutrophils - phagocytosis, ingest & destroy microbes

Eosinophils - phagocytosis to eliminate parasites. Think atopic asthma

52
Q

2 functions of macrophages / monocytes

A

Blood - monocytes
Tissue - macrophages

Inflammation & repair by phagocytosis
Antigen presentation to activate other immune cells

53
Q

B lymphocytes mode of action

A

Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
An immune response

54
Q

T lymphocytes mode of action

A

Kill invading pathogens along with Natural Killer cells. Natural killer cells do this non-specifically.

55
Q

Where are thrombocytes produced

A

Red bone marrow

56
Q

Describe a thrombocyte

A

Non-nucleated disc

57
Q

Which linage do all blood cells except lymphocytes and natural killer cells originate from

A

Myeloid linage

58
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
Natural Killer cells

59
Q

Pathologies where basophils / mast cells are raised

A

Inflammatory diseases - inflammatory bowel disease, allergies

60
Q

Eosinophils rises in?

A

Parasitic infections, atopic asthma

61
Q

Secretes cytokines?

A

Monocytes / macrophages

62
Q

Neutrophils raised in

A

Infection
Leukaemia
Inflammatory diseases - RA

63
Q

What influenced the production of thrombocytes

A

Thrombopoietin mostly from liver

64
Q

Average lifespan of a thrombocyte?

A

10 days

65
Q

How Thrombocytes formed

A

Megokaryoblast transform megokaryocytes

These huge cells then break down into fragments called thrombocytes

66
Q

4 stages of blood clotting

A
  1. Vasoconstriction- smooth muscle contracts. Thromboxane release which attracts platelets.
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation - enzyme ‘thrombin’ converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form.
  4. Fibrinolysis clot breakdown

Vans Park Cars Frequently

67
Q

Stage 1 blood clotting

A

Vasoconstriction
Smooth muscle contracts
When collagen is exposed thromboxane is reeked causing a vascular spasm

68
Q

Stage 2 blood clotting

A

Platelet plug is formed

69
Q

Stage 3 of blood clotting

A

Coagulation
Enzyme thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin.
Fibrin forms mesh. Erythrocytes get caught and form clot

70
Q

Stage 4 blood clotting

A

Fibrinolysis
Breakdown clot
Enzyme plays in dissolve clot

71
Q

Role of vitamin K

A

Makes 4 blood clotting factors
13 clotting factors

72
Q

K1 and K2 main difference

A

KS is better absorbed and remains in the body longer

73
Q

What is an anti-coagulant

A

Against clotting

74
Q

Natural anti-coagulant

A

Heparin made by mast cells and basophils

75
Q

Drug anti-coagulant

A

Warfarin
Aspirin

76
Q

Herb anti-coagulant

A

Ginkgo
Garlic
Ginger
Turmeric

77
Q

Nutrient anti-coagulant

A

Vitamins e
Essential fatty acids

78
Q

3 general symptoms of anaemia

A

Fatigue
Shortness of breath on exertion
Irritability
Fainting

79
Q

2 general signs of anaemia

A

Tachycardia
Thin
Thready pulse

80
Q

2 causes (not dietary) of iron deficiency anaemia

A

Malabsorption
Excess blood loss

81
Q

2 key signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia

A

Spoon shaped nails
Angular stomatitis
Blood test - low RBC

82
Q

Erythrocyte appearance in iron deficiency anaemia

A

Small and pale
‘Hypochromic micro cystic anaemia’

83
Q

Blood test for iron deficiency anaemia

A

Red blood cells

84
Q

Define Megaloblastic Anaemia

A

Large immature and dysfunctional red blood cells

85
Q

Megaloblastic anaemia pathophysiology

A

Folic acid and B12 needed for DNA synthesis inc RBC

DNA replication is slowed down, cell growth continues without division

= macrocyclic cells

86
Q

Megaloblastic anaemia causes 4

A

Deficient dietary
Lack of intrinsic factor
Malabsorption - crohn’s
Drugs

87
Q

Megaloblastic b12 signs and symptoms

A

Enlarged red shiny tongue
Neurological symptoms - tingling, numbness

88
Q

Megaloblastic due to Folate or B12 differences

A

Folate - no neurological symptoms

Both general anaemia symptoms + red enlarged shiny tongue

89
Q

How long did liver store B1 and folate for?

A

B12 - 2-4 years
Folate - 4 months

90
Q

Pancytopnia

A

Lack of all 3 blood cell types

91
Q

Aplastic anaemia

A

Rare & potentially life threatening failure of haematopoiesis

92
Q

Aplastic anaemia causes

A

Congenital
Idiopathic
Secondary to cancer, HBV, drugs

93
Q

Aplastic anaemia specific signs

A

Multiple infections
Easy bleeding

+ general anaemia symptoms

94
Q

Haemolytic Anaemia

A

Excessive erythrocyte breakdown when bone marrow cannot compensate

95
Q

Haemolytic anaemia causes

A

Genetic - sickle cell & thalassasmia
Inflection - Moro
Rhesus factor incompatibility

96
Q

Haemolytic Anaemia sign

A

Jaundice
Splenimegaly - enlarged spleen
Gallstones

97
Q

Sickle cell anaemia pathophysiology

A

Both parents must have sickle cell genes
Erythrocytes sickle up giving oxygen to interstitial fluid
Sickle cells have a short life span
Sickle cells cluster blocking blood vessels

Sickle trait protective against malaria

98
Q

Sickle cell anaemia signs

A

Usually starts 3-6 months
Splenimegaly & jaundice

99
Q

Thalassaemia

A

Defect in synthesis of either alpha or beta Hb chains

100
Q

A & B Thalasaemia difference

A

A
can be fatal in utero
To compensate bone marrow proliferation

B
Starts with gamma chain ceases. Causes failure to thrive bad anaemia

101
Q

Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn

A

Mother produced anti-thesis antibodies

Antibodies can cause agglutination and haemolysis

First born normally unaffected

102
Q

Polycythaemia

A

Excessive projection of erythrocytes = increased blood viscosity and increased risk of thrombosis

103
Q

2 causes of polycythaemia

A

High altitude
Unknown / genetic

104
Q

Polycythaemia signs / symptoms 2

A

Arterial thrombosis - myocardial infarction (heart attack

Venous thrombosis- DVT

105
Q

Leukopenia

A

Marked reduction in number of leukocytes

106
Q

2 causes of leukopenia

A

Viral infections- HBV, HIV
Drug toxicity
Bone marrow diseases
Nutritional deficiencies

107
Q

2 signs / symptoms of leukopenia

A

Severe illness - nausea, fatigue
Severe infections and sepsis

108
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase in number of all leukocytes

109
Q

1 cause of leukocytosis

A

Leukaemia
Response to infections

110
Q

Leukaemia

A

Group of bone marrow cancers

111
Q

In leukaemia what happens to erythrocyte and thrombocyte production

A

Reduces anaemia and thrombocytopenia

112
Q

Acute and chronic leukaemia difference

A

Acute - rapid onset, more aggressive

Chronic - insidious and more differentiated cells

113
Q

Leukaemia signs / symptoms

A

Malaise
Anaemia
Frequent infections
Easy bleeding / bruising

114
Q

Leukaemia diagnosis

A

Full blood coun
Bon marrow biopsy

115
Q

Thrombocytopenia 2 signs / symptom

A

Excessive bleeding
Petechiae - micro-mae mortgages in the skin

116
Q

2 causes of thrombocytopenia

A

Viral infections EbV, HIV
Leukaemia
Congenital
Radiation, hmotherapy

117
Q

Haemophilia

A

Deficiency in clotting factors
Haemophilia A - clotting factor 8
Haemophilia B - clotting factor 9

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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