Cardiovascular system 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Which two gasses are transports in blood plasma
A
Oxygen & carbon dioxide
2
Q
4 types of organic waste that blood plasma transports
A
Uria
Creatine
Utica acid
Carbon dioxide
3
Q
Name 2 anions
A
Chlorides
Bicarbonates
Phosphates
4
Q
Name 2 catons
A
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
5
Q
What is a caton?
A
Blood plasma protein positively charged ion
6
Q
4 nutritional products of digestion that pass into blood for distribution to all body cells?
A
Simple sugars
Amino acids
Fats
Vitamins
7
Q
Another name for clotting factor 1
A
Fibrinogen
8
Q
2 functions of globulins
A
Immunity- antibodies secreted by B cells
Transport - iron, vitamins and lipids
9
Q
2 functions of Albumim
A
Carrier of substances - lipids & steroid hormones
Maintains osmotic pressure
10
Q
Where are most blood plasma proteins synthesised?
A
Liver
11
Q
3 components of cardiovascular system
A
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
12
Q
What is blood and what is it made from?
A
Connective tissue
Plasma 55%
Cells 45%
13
Q
3 How does blood contribute to homeostasis?
A
By transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, waste, nutrients & hormones
Regulate pH & temperature
Immune function - antibodies, phagocytes & clotting factors
14
Q
Name of red blood cells?
A
Erythrocytes
15
Q
White blood cells?
A
Leukocytes
16
Q
Platelets
A
Thrombocytes
17
Q
Define haematopoiesis
A
Production of all blood cells
18
Q
Where do all blood cells originate from
A
Pluripotent stem cells in the red bone marrow
19
Q
Where is haematopoisis performed in the first 2 months of gestation
A
Embryonic yolk sac
20
Q
Where is haematopoiesis carried out between 2 and 9 months of life?
A
Liver and spleen
21
Q
What colour is all bone marrow in the first few years of life?
A
Red
22
Q
4 locations where haematopoiesis takes place in adults
A
Proximal long bones (mostly femur)
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum
Skull
Pelvis
23
Q
How does the structure of red blood cells support oxygen transport?
A
Bi concave and non nucleated, giving a larger surface area
24
Q
Lifespan of an erythrocyte
A
90-120 days
25
Haematocrit meaning
% blood occupied by red blood cells
Female 42%
Make 47%
26
Structure of haemoglobin
4 polypeptide chains (globin)
Each chain is bound by haem which contains iron
Each group of 4 can carry 4 oxygen molecules
27
Difference adult and foetal haemoglobin
Adult - 2 x alpha & 2 x beta
Foetal 2 x alpha & 2 x gamma
28
Why is blood red?
Chemical bonds between iron & oxygen reflect light
29
Define erythropoiesis
Formation of red blood cells in red bone marrow
30
3 What nutrients are required for erythrocyte formation
B12
Folate B9
Iron
31
What is Hypoxia?
Process stimulates the secretion of the hormone erythropoietin
32
Where is erythropoietin stimulated from
Kidneys
33
What is erythropoietin
A hormone that stimulates ertgropoiesis in the bone marrow
34
2 triggers of erythropoiesis
High altitude
Haemolysis
Blood loss
Pregnancy
35
Why do premature newborns often have anaemia?
Inadequate erythropoietin
36
What is haemolysis
Destruction of erythrocytes to release haemoglobin into plasma
37
Which cells undertake haemolysis
Macrophages (phagocytes cells)
38
Where are macrophages mainly found
Spleen
39
What is bilirubin
Yellow pigment formed from the breakdown of haem
40
How is bilirubin excreted
Bile & urine
41
What must happen to bilirubin for it to be excreted
Conjugated in the liver
Excreted in the GIT
42
What are the two main blood group systems?
ABO & rhesus
43
Universal donor
Universal recipient
Donor O-
Recipient AB+
44
Rhesus + and - meaning
+ have rhesus antigens
- rhesus antibodies are only produced if come into contact with rhesus antigen
45
When can someone who is rhesus negative come into contact with rhesus positive blood
Incompatible blood transfusion
Pregnancy
46
Placental sensitisation or transfusion in pregnancy
Rhesus antibodies are developed in a Rh negative mother
Baby has to be Rh+
47
Most common problem with Rh incompatibility
Haemolytic disease of the newborn
48
2 functions of leukocytes
1. Defend body against infection & foreign particles
2. Produce immune response
49
What is the most abundant type of leukocyte
Neutrophil 60%
50
Compare mode of action of neutrophils & basophils
Neutrophils - phagocytosis - ingest & destroy microbes
Basophils - release histamine and heparin from granules
51
Compare mode of action or neutrophils & eosinophils
Neutrophils - phagocytosis, ingest & destroy microbes
Eosinophils - phagocytosis to eliminate parasites. Think atopic asthma
52
2 functions of macrophages / monocytes
Blood - monocytes
Tissue - macrophages
Inflammation & repair by phagocytosis
Antigen presentation to activate other immune cells
53
B lymphocytes mode of action
Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
An immune response
54
T lymphocytes mode of action
Kill invading pathogens along with Natural Killer cells. Natural killer cells do this non-specifically.
55
Where are thrombocytes produced
Red bone marrow
56
Describe a thrombocyte
Non-nucleated disc
57
Which linage do all blood cells except lymphocytes and natural killer cells originate from
Myeloid linage
58
3 types of lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
Natural Killer cells
59
Pathologies where basophils / mast cells are raised
Inflammatory diseases - inflammatory bowel disease, allergies
60
Eosinophils rises in?
Parasitic infections, atopic asthma
61
Secretes cytokines?
Monocytes / macrophages
62
Neutrophils raised in
Infection
Leukaemia
Inflammatory diseases - RA
63
What influenced the production of thrombocytes
Thrombopoietin mostly from liver
64
Average lifespan of a thrombocyte?
10 days
65
How Thrombocytes formed
Megokaryoblast transform megokaryocytes
These huge cells then break down into fragments called thrombocytes
66
4 stages of blood clotting
1. Vasoconstriction- smooth muscle contracts. Thromboxane release which attracts platelets.
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation - enzyme ‘thrombin’ converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form.
4. Fibrinolysis clot breakdown
Vans Park Cars Frequently
67
Stage 1 blood clotting
Vasoconstriction
Smooth muscle contracts
When collagen is exposed thromboxane is reeked causing a vascular spasm
68
Stage 2 blood clotting
Platelet plug is formed
69
Stage 3 of blood clotting
Coagulation
Enzyme thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin.
Fibrin forms mesh. Erythrocytes get caught and form clot
70
Stage 4 blood clotting
Fibrinolysis
Breakdown clot
Enzyme plays in dissolve clot
71
Role of vitamin K
Makes 4 blood clotting factors
13 clotting factors
72
K1 and K2 main difference
KS is better absorbed and remains in the body longer
73
What is an anti-coagulant
Against clotting
74
Natural anti-coagulant
Heparin made by mast cells and basophils
75
Drug anti-coagulant
Warfarin
Aspirin
76
Herb anti-coagulant
Ginkgo
Garlic
Ginger
Turmeric
77
Nutrient anti-coagulant
Vitamins e
Essential fatty acids
78
3 general symptoms of anaemia
Fatigue
Shortness of breath on exertion
Irritability
Fainting
79
2 general signs of anaemia
Tachycardia
Thin
Thready pulse
80
2 causes (not dietary) of iron deficiency anaemia
Malabsorption
Excess blood loss
81
2 key signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia
Spoon shaped nails
Angular stomatitis
Blood test - low RBC
82
Erythrocyte appearance in iron deficiency anaemia
Small and pale
‘Hypochromic micro cystic anaemia’
83
Blood test for iron deficiency anaemia
Red blood cells
84
Define Megaloblastic Anaemia
Large immature and dysfunctional red blood cells
85
Megaloblastic anaemia pathophysiology
Folic acid and B12 needed for DNA synthesis inc RBC
DNA replication is slowed down, cell growth continues without division
= macrocyclic cells
86
Megaloblastic anaemia causes 4
Deficient dietary
Lack of intrinsic factor
Malabsorption - crohn’s
Drugs
87
Megaloblastic b12 signs and symptoms
Enlarged red shiny tongue
Neurological symptoms - tingling, numbness
88
Megaloblastic due to Folate or B12 differences
Folate - no neurological symptoms
Both general anaemia symptoms + red enlarged shiny tongue
89
How long did liver store B1 and folate for?
B12 - 2-4 years
Folate - 4 months
90
Pancytopnia
Lack of all 3 blood cell types
91
Aplastic anaemia
Rare & potentially life threatening failure of haematopoiesis
92
Aplastic anaemia causes
Congenital
Idiopathic
Secondary to cancer, HBV, drugs
93
Aplastic anaemia specific signs
Multiple infections
Easy bleeding
+ general anaemia symptoms
94
Haemolytic Anaemia
Excessive erythrocyte breakdown when bone marrow cannot compensate
95
Haemolytic anaemia causes
Genetic - sickle cell & thalassasmia
Inflection - Moro
Rhesus factor incompatibility
96
Haemolytic Anaemia sign
Jaundice
Splenimegaly - enlarged spleen
Gallstones
97
Sickle cell anaemia pathophysiology
Both parents must have sickle cell genes
Erythrocytes sickle up giving oxygen to interstitial fluid
Sickle cells have a short life span
Sickle cells cluster blocking blood vessels
Sickle trait protective against malaria
98
Sickle cell anaemia signs
Usually starts 3-6 months
Splenimegaly & jaundice
99
Thalassaemia
Defect in synthesis of either alpha or beta Hb chains
100
A & B Thalasaemia difference
A
can be fatal in utero
To compensate bone marrow proliferation
B
Starts with gamma chain ceases. Causes failure to thrive bad anaemia
101
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Mother produced anti-thesis antibodies
Antibodies can cause agglutination and haemolysis
First born normally unaffected
102
Polycythaemia
Excessive projection of erythrocytes = increased blood viscosity and increased risk of thrombosis
103
2 causes of polycythaemia
High altitude
Unknown / genetic
104
Polycythaemia signs / symptoms 2
Arterial thrombosis - myocardial infarction (heart attack
Venous thrombosis- DVT
105
Leukopenia
Marked reduction in number of leukocytes
106
2 causes of leukopenia
Viral infections- HBV, HIV
Drug toxicity
Bone marrow diseases
Nutritional deficiencies
107
2 signs / symptoms of leukopenia
Severe illness - nausea, fatigue
Severe infections and sepsis
108
Leukocytosis
Increase in number of all leukocytes
109
1 cause of leukocytosis
Leukaemia
Response to infections
110
Leukaemia
Group of bone marrow cancers
111
In leukaemia what happens to erythrocyte and thrombocyte production
Reduces anaemia and thrombocytopenia
112
Acute and chronic leukaemia difference
Acute - rapid onset, more aggressive
Chronic - insidious and more differentiated cells
113
Leukaemia signs / symptoms
Malaise
Anaemia
Frequent infections
Easy bleeding / bruising
114
Leukaemia diagnosis
Full blood coun
Bon marrow biopsy
115
Thrombocytopenia 2 signs / symptom
Excessive bleeding
Petechiae - micro-mae mortgages in the skin
116
2 causes of thrombocytopenia
Viral infections EbV, HIV
Leukaemia
Congenital
Radiation, hmotherapy
117
Haemophilia
Deficiency in clotting factors
Haemophilia A - clotting factor 8
Haemophilia B - clotting factor 9
