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Biomedicine > Oncology 17 > Flashcards

Oncology 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What is oncology

A

Study and treatment of cancer

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2
Q

What is the name of a physician who practices oncology?

A

Oncologist

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3
Q

What is the name of a mass of tissues than grows faster than normal in an uncoordinated manner?

A

Neoplasm

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4
Q

What is a tumour

A

Means ‘swelling’ in Latin. Describes a mass of growth of tissue - can be malignant or benign.

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5
Q

3 ways to tell if a tumour is malignant?

A

It no longer responds to normal growth factors

Grows faster than normal

Grows in an uncoordinated manner

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6
Q

Why is cancer more common in developed countries?

A

Environment
Lifestyle
Diet
Medications
Drugs

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7
Q

How many deaths per year does cancer cause globally?

A

10 million

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8
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The growth and repair of somatic cells

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9
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The process that produces sex cells (gametes)

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10
Q

What do non-cancer cells have in common?

A

They are differentiated and specialised

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11
Q

What happened if cells become disorganised and grow in an uncontrolled manner?

A

Their function is lost

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12
Q

What is cancer the result of?

A

An underlying cause
Genetic mutations
Patients genes with the environment

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13
Q

In cancer, what happens to tumour suppression genes?

A

They become inactivated and new genes called oncogenes are formed

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14
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

New blood cells form
As malignant cells can only grow 1-2mm without blood supply

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15
Q

3 environments cancer cells thrive in and why

A

Acidic - red meat, processed, diary, sugar & smoked foods

Anaerobic environment - lacking oxygen. Stress, breathing, diet and exercise

Glucose-rich - malignant cells dependent on glucose.

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16
Q

What is contact inhibition

A

Proteins produced by cells that prevents cells diving beyond the space available

17
Q

What happens to contact inhibition in cancer?

A

Cancerous cells lose contact inhibition

18
Q

What is a change in generic information called?

A

Mutation

19
Q

What is a mutagen? Give some examples

A

An agent that changes the genetic info

Environment, chemicals, radiation, viruses, inflammation, immunity

20
Q

What is a carcinogen and give some examples?

A

A cancer-causing agent - nitrosamines, heavy metals, asbestos, X-rays

21
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

Process by which normal cells are transformed into cancel cells

22
Q

What percentage of cancers are attributed to environment and lifestyle?

A

90-95%

23
Q

How long can some tumours take to develop?

A

20-40 years

24
Q

Cancer risk factors

A

Genetic BRCa, family history
Chronic inflammation
Radiation
Smoking
Drugs & cosmetics
GIT dysfunction
Vitamin D deficiency & thyroid
Stress
Sexual behaviour
Excess alcohol
Obesity
Metal toxins
Medications
Vaccine ingredients

25
Q

Why is obesity a cancer risk factor?

A

Excess body fat changes hormone metabolism - increases oestrogen - drives oestrogen positive tumours

26
Q

Why is chronic inflammation a cancer risk factor and give 2 pathology examples

A

Promoted proliferation of cancer cells
Inflammatory bowel disease and gastro-oesophageal reflex diseases

27
Q

Why is GIT dysfunction a cancer risk factor?

A

Liver - detoxifies substances
Intestines - excrete body waste, absorb nutrients and immune function

28
Q

What a dietary risk factors of cancer

A

Red meats
Burnt food
Low fibre
N-nitroso compounds eg cured meat
Refined sugar
Dairy
Table salt, pesticides and aspartame

29
Q

Why is diary a cancer risk factor?

A

Pro-inflammatory and contains insulin-like growth factors

30
Q

Why is a low fibre diet a cancer risk

A

Fibre is high in phytochemicals and clear toxins and hormones such as oestrogen

31
Q

In chronic immunodeficiency what is deficient which would normally destroy abnormal cells

A

Cytotoxic t-lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
Macrophages

32
Q

How the host’s immune system compromised in HIV?

A

HIV targets CD4 cells (t-helper and macrophages) which compromise the hosts immune system

33
Q

How does stress compromise the immune system

A

Chronic stress elevates cortisol levels which suppress the immune system

34
Q

Describe a usual benign tumour

A

Differentiated cells
Appear similar to normal cells so may be functional
Reproduce at a higher rate than normal
Often encapsulated
Grow slowly
Usually not life-threatening

35
Q

Example of when a benign tumour can be life threatening

A

Brain tumour that raised intracranial pressure

36
Q

Key points about malignant tumours

A

Usually undifferentiated, non-functional cells, varies shapes and sizes and large nuclei
Reproduce free
Not encapsulated
Often systemic
Life-threatening

37
Q

What do cancer grades measure?

A

Degree cell differentiation / abnormality

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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