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Biomedicine > Respiratory System 4 > Flashcards

Respiratory System 4 Flashcards

1
Q

4 respiratory system functions

A
  1. Gas exchange CO2 and O2
  2. Warming, cooling & moistening air
  3. Removal of inhaled particles immunity
  4. Voice production and olfaction
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2
Q

Air flow route - 8 structures

A
  1. Nose
  2. Paranasal sinuses
  3. Pharynx (throat)
  4. Larynx (voice box)
  5. Trachea
  6. Bronchi
  7. Bronchioles
  8. Alveoli
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3
Q

3 types of respiration

A
  1. External - blood an lung ‘ventilation’
  2. Internal - blood and cells
  3. Cellular - ATP
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4
Q

Compare External and Internal reputation

A

External - blood and lungs - ‘ventilation’
Internal - blood and cells

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5
Q

Lining of respiratory tract

A

Ciliated epithelial membrane with mucus-secreting goblet cells

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6
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A
  1. Mucus traps inhaled particles - mucus is anti microbial
  2. Cilia move particles towards the oesophagus where it can be coughed up or swallowed
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7
Q

Purpose of mucociliary escalator

A

Protect lungs from pathogens

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8
Q

What are nasal concha (turbinates)

A

Shelves that increase surface area and trap water during exhalation

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9
Q

4 functions of nasal cavity

A

Filtering air
Warming air
Humidification
Sneezing reflex
Olfactory function

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10
Q

2 paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

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11
Q

4 functions of paranasal sinuses

A
  1. Resonance of speech
  2. Lightening cranial mass
  3. Drains tears
  4. Humidifying air
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12
Q

Describe pharynx (throat)

A

Straight muscular tube connects nose and throat, 13cm long

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13
Q

3 sections of pharynx

A

Nasopharyngeal
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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14
Q

Eustacian tubes function

A

Equalisation of pressure in middle ear

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15
Q

Adenoids

A

Nasopharyngeal to tonsils

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16
Q

4 Pharynx function

A

Passageway
Warming humidifying
Taste
Hearing
Equalisation of pressure
Immune - to cults
Speech

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17
Q

How laryngeal muscles alter tone

A

Relaxed - low
Contracted - high

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18
Q

Hormone thickens and lowers vocal chords

A

Testosterone

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19
Q

4 larynx functions - voice box

A
  1. Production of sound
  2. Protection - epiglottis
  3. Air passageway
  4. Warming and humidifying
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20
Q

Trachea description

A

Windpipe 12cm long
Incomplete c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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21
Q

What does the trachea respond to

A

Sympathetic - dilation
Parasympathetic- constriction

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22
Q

Cough reflex 6 stages

A
  1. Irritation of mucus membrane
  2. Nerve endings stimulated
  3. Vegus nerve signal to the brain stem
  4. Deep inhalation + closure of glottis
  5. Contracts muscles (abdominal & respiratory)
  6. Forced removal
23
Q

4 trachea functions

A
  1. Air flow
  2. Mucociliary escalator
  3. Cough reflex
  4. Warming & humidifying air
24
Q

How do trachea and bronchi connect

A

Trachea divides into left and right bronchi at T5

Internal ridge I called the carina

25
Q

Which bronchi is more vertical, shorter an wider

A

Right

26
Q

Which lung is an aspirated object more likely to enter

A

Right

27
Q

Nervous system impact on air to bronchi

A

Sympathetic- bronchodilation
Parasympathetic - bronchi constriction

28
Q

4 Alveoli maximised gas exchange

A
  1. Large surface area 80m2
  2. Walls thin
  3. Surrounded blood capillaries
  4. Surface moist
29
Q

Alveolar gas exchange

A

Air in and out of sack
Venus blood in - co2 out
O2 in and oxygenated blood out

30
Q

Alveolar cell types

A

Type I
Simple epithelial cells
Thin gas exchange
90% surface area

Type II
Excrete pulmonary surfactant

Macrophages

31
Q

Role of alveaolar pulmonary surfactant

A

Reduces surface tension
Allows gasses to diffuse

32
Q

Lung development in premature babies

A

Pulmonary surfactant not produced until 20-24 weeks

33
Q

Which organ separates the lungs

A

Heart

34
Q

4 lung surfaces

A

Apex - above clavicle
Base - over diaphragm
Coastal
Neil

35
Q

How many lobes does the lungs have

A

Right 3
Left 2

36
Q

Role of pleura

A

Serous membrane surrounds the lungs and prevents friction

37
Q

2 phases of ventilation

A
  1. Inhalation
  2. Exhalation
38
Q

2 areas where breathing comes from

A
  1. Abdominal (diaphragmatic) breathing
  2. Upper ribs
39
Q

2 primary muscles for ventilation

A
  1. Intercostal (between ribs)
  2. Diaphragm
40
Q

2 secondary muscles of ventilation

A

Trapezius
Sternocleudomastoid
Scalenes

41
Q

Pathology that can lead to over use of secondary ventilation muscles

A

Asthma

42
Q

Ventilation key facts

A

Inhalation - active
Air down a pressure gradient

Exhalation - passive
Elastic recoil of the lungs

43
Q

Define tidal volume

A

Normal volume of air that enters lungs which no extra effort is applied

Normally 500ml

44
Q

Average capacity of human lungs

A

6 litres

45
Q

2 factors that contribute to larger lung volumes

A

Men
Taller
Non-smokers
Athletes
Living at higher altitudes

46
Q

Why no difference between inspired and expired nitrogen gas?

A

Doesn’t bind to haemoglobin.
Not used in the blood

47
Q

Which blood cell transports oxygen around the body

A

Red blood cells
98.5% oxygen in blood is transported by haemoglobin

48
Q

3 ways carbon dioxide is transported

A

70% in plasma bicarbonate
23% RBC
7% dissolved in plasma

49
Q

Role of bicarbonate buffer reaction

A

In blood CO2 combines with after to produce carbonic acid H2CO3

Carbonic can us unstable and decomposes to bicarbonate and H+

Hydrogen exhaled and excreted
Bicarbonate buffers the acidity

50
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis?

A

CO2 dissolves in blood causes an increase in H+ ions

Also exercise lactic acid
And ketoacids

51
Q

How does ventilation contribute to acidity of body fluids

A

Lowers acidity via exhalation of CO2

52
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

Plenty of oxygen bound to haemoglobin

53
Q

Deoxyhaemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin lacks oxygen

54
Q

Regulating blood Ph formula

A

Carbon dioxide + water =
Carbonic acid =
Bicarbonate + acid

Biomedicine (20 decks)

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