Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomedicine > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is reproduction

A

Production of new offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does sexual reproduction involve

A

Meiosis and fertilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Produces male (sperm) and female (ova) which are haploid (23 chromosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does fertilisation produce

A

Zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

5 functions of the female reproductive system

A

Formation of ova (female gamete)
Reception of spermatozoa
Suitable environment for fertilisation
Childbirth
Lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 functions of male reproductive system

A

Production of spermatozoa
Transmission of spermatozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of gland is a breast?

A

Mamery glands
Modified sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many lobes in each breast and what are the grapelike clusters of glands in breasts called?

A

15-20
Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What supports the breasts

A

Suspensory ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stages of lactation

A

Alveoli help propel milk into lactiferous ducts
Milk can be stored in lactiferous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which two hormones are needed for milk production?

A

Prolactin - milk synthesis
Oxytocin - causes milk ejaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 functions of uterus - important

A
  1. pathway for sperm
  2. site of zygote implantation
  3. location of foetal development
  4. contracts to initiate labour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus

A

Perimetrium - outer
Myometrium - smooth muscle
Endometrium - vasacular inner laer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 layers of teh endometrium

A

Stratum functionalis - sloughs off during menses
Statum basalis - permanent deeper layer that regenerates the stratum functionalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 parts of the uterus and what holds the uterus in place?

A

Fundus
Body
Cervix

Held in place by broad ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to the endometrum after menses

A

The endometrium re-builds to prepare of implantation of a fertilised egg
The zygote is embedded in the endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the zygote called for the first 8 weeks and then after the first 8 weeks

A

First eight - embryo
Foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the placenta

A

Site of exchange of nutrient and wastes between the mother and foetus
Attached to the endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the placenta produce?

A

Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is unique about the placenta

A

It develops from two individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What connects the placenta to the embryo / foetus and how long is it?

A

Umbilical cord
50-60cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can and can not travel through the placenta?

A

CAN - oxygen and nutrients, carbon dioxide and wastes
CAN NOT - Blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

6 placental hormones

A

Progesterone
Oestrogen
Homan chorionic Gonadotropin
Human placental
Lactogen
Relaxin
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does progesterone do during pregnancy?

A

Maintains endometrial lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does oestrogen do during pregnancy

A

Promotes growth of the breast tissue and myometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does chorionic gonadotropin do during pregnancy and what is special about this hormone?

A

Only produced in pregnancy
Increases transfer of nutrients to the foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does human placental lactogen do during pregnancy?

A

Increases the amount of glucose and lipids in maternal blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does relaxin do during pregnancy?

A

Targets ligaments and relaxes them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does corticotropin releasing hormone do during pregnancy?

A

Prevents rejection of the foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Differences between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

A

monoxygotic twins - same genetic info
Single fertislised ovum
Share one placenta

duozygotic
non-idential
Two ova
two different placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

2 functions of the fallopian tubes

A
  1. provide a route for sperm to meet the ova
  2. route for the fertilised ova to reach the uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the finger-like projections on the end of each fallopian tube and what do they do?

A

Fimbriae
Sweep the ova into the fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the structure of fallopian tubes and what does it do?

A

Lined with ciliated columnar epithelium helps move ova towards uterus
Smooth muscle performs peristalsis

34
Q

What are the ovaries

A

Paired glands
REsemble almonds
Atrophy after menopause

35
Q

What do the ovaries produce

A

Female gametes - via oogenesis
Secrete oestrogen and progesterone

36
Q

What does oogenesis mean?

A

Formation of female gametes ova in overies

37
Q

When does oogenesis begin and end

A

Begins in the foetus
Stops at birth

38
Q

What are initial oocytes called?

A

primary oocytes
Surrounded by a layer of follicular cells
Whole structure is a primordial follicle

39
Q

Which hormone stimulates the development of a primordial follicle into a mature ovum

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

40
Q

Which hormone triggers ovulation?

A

luteinising hormone

41
Q

What do the remains of ovarian follicle become and what do they produce?

A

Become corpus leteum and
produce progesterone and some oestrogen

42
Q

How long does follicle growth from primoridal to full maturity take?

A

a year

43
Q

1 stage of menstrual cycle in ovaries

A

Days 1-5 - follicles are developing under the influence of FSH

44
Q

2nd stage of menstrual cycle in ovaries

A

Days 6-13 - follicle starts to mature, secretes oestrogen

Secretes inhibin which decreases FSH to stop other follicles developing

45
Q

3rd stage of menstrual cycle in ovaries

A

Day 14

High oestrogen creates positive feedback loop
Stimulates LH
Expulsion of egg + ovulation

46
Q

4th stage of menstrual cycle in ovaries

A

Days 15-28
Corpus luteum forms from follicle wall and produces progesterone and some oestrogen

47
Q

What are the names of the four phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual - day 1-5
Pre-ovulatory - day 6-13
Ovulation - day 14
Post-ovulatory - day 15-28

48
Q

1st stage in uterus

A

days 1-5
Endometrium is being shed
Sudden drop in progesterone

49
Q

2nd stage in uterus

A

days 6-13
Endometrium thickens in response to rising oestrogen

50
Q

3rd stage in uterus

A

day 14
Release of egg

51
Q

4th stage in uterus

A

Corpus luteum needed to maintain pregnancy

52
Q

What happens to a fertilised egg

A

Zygote embed in uterine wall
Human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone and oestrogen
After a few weeks placenta takes over

53
Q

What happens to a non-fertilised egg

A

After 14 days the corpus luteum degerates to the corpus albicans
Progesterone and oestrogen drop

54
Q

What happens to hormones at the start of female puberty

A

Pulses of LH and FSH triggered by Gonadotropin releasing hormone

55
Q

MEdical term for periods starting

A

Menarche

56
Q

What happens to the body during menopause (perimenopause)

A

Ovarian ageing where follicles become exhausted
Decline in oestrogen and progesterone

57
Q

Which hormones decrease and increase in menopause

A

Oestrogen and progesterone trigger negative feedback leading to higher

FSH and LH

58
Q

Facts about the penis

A

Root within the pelvic cavity and body
3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue
Ending - glans penis

59
Q

What stimulates the penis

A

Parasympathetic nervous system - produces nitric oxide that cases vasodilation

60
Q

Where do the testes develop and when do the descend?

A

Develop in pelvic cavity
Descent into scrotum 7-9 months

61
Q

What happens in the testes

A

Spermatogenesis - regulated by FSH
Testoterone production and secretion - regulated by LH

62
Q

Where are spermatozoa matured and stored?

A

Epididymis

63
Q

How many sperm are produced each day

A

300 million

64
Q

What temperature does spermatogenesis occur best at

A

3 degrees below body temperature

65
Q

4 parts of a sperm

A

Head - with nucleus
Acrosome - covers head,enzymes to penetrate egg
Body - filled with mitochondria
Tail

66
Q

What happens during ejaculation

A

Spermatozoa expelled from epididymis through the vas deferens into ejaculatory duct

67
Q

Which 2 glands produce seminal fluid

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland

68
Q

What is the function of the seminal fluid

A

Alkaline
Nutrients
Anticoagulats increase fluidity

69
Q

Facts about seminal vesicles

A

Glands under bladder
Secrete alkaline seminal fluid (60% semen)
Nutrients (e.g. fructose) nourish sperm

70
Q

What does the prostate gland contribute to the seminal fluid?

A

Milky fluid 30% semen
Nutrients for ATP production
Anticoagulants for fluidity
Prostate specific antigen

71
Q

What percentage of semen is sperm?

A

10%

72
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands) do?

A

Secrete an alkaline, mucus fluid that neutralises urinary acid prior to ejaculation

73
Q

Where are the smooth muscles that contract to propel sperm into ajaculatory ducts?

A

Epididymis and vas deferens

74
Q

List of case history considerations

A

menstruation - bleeding time and cycle, amount of blood
Breasts
Relationshhip of symptoms to cycle
Hirsutism / acne
Problems with intercourse
Altered libido and impotence
Past and future fertility plans
Operations

75
Q

Metrorrhagia

A

mid cycle bleeding

76
Q

Menorrhagia

A

increased menstrual bleeding

77
Q

Dysmenorrhoea

A

Painful periods

78
Q

Polymenorrhea

A

Short cycle, frequent periods

79
Q

Oligomenorrhea

A

Infrequent cycle

80
Q

Galactorrhoea

A

Lactation without pregnancy

81
Q

Dyspareunia

A

Pain on intercourse

82
Q

Gynaecomastia

A

Enlarged breast tissue on male

Biomedicine (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions