Urinary System 1 & 2 Flashcards
why is the right kidney positioned lower than the left?
due to positioning of the liver
what are the functions of the kidney?
clears blood of waste products
regulates concentration of substances in body (water, salt, etc)
produces erythropoetin, a hormone which affects RBC production
produces renin, which influences blood pressure
where do the renal vessels of the kidney enter and leave?
hilum
what is the hilum?
indentation of medial side
renal vessels enter and leave
ureter (transporting urine) leaves kidney
what are the coverings of the kidney?
renal capsule
perirenal fat
renal fascia
which is the innermost layer of the kidney?
renal capsule
what type of tissue is the renal capsule made of?
connective tissue
what is the renal fascia?
CT which anchors kidney in place.
what makes up the internal structure of the kidneys?
renal cortex
renal medulla
major and minor calyces
renal pelvis
which is the outermost region of the kidneys?
renal cortex
where is the location of most of the glomeruli?
renal cortex
what is the innermost region of the kidneys?
renal medulla
which part of the internal kidneys contains primarily tubules and blood vessels?
renal medulla
what do the major and minor calyces join to form?
renal pelvis
what is the renal pelvis? where is it located?
dilated, uppermost portion of urete
located at the hilum
what is the nephron responsible for?
formation of urine
what does the vascular portion of the nephron consist of?
glomerulus
where is the glomerulus located?
renal cortex (outside) between the afferent and efferent arterioles
what is the structure of the glomerulus?
composed of specialized endothelium in which there are spaces in between the epithelium - FENESTRATED EPITHELIUM
what is the function of the glomerulus?
filtrate substances from blood
where are the peritubular capillaries located?
branches of the efferent arteriole
where do the peritubular capillaries empty into?
kidney’s venous system
what is the function of the peritubular capillaries?
site of reabsorption of water and other substances
what does the tubular portion of the nephron consist of?
bowman’s capsule
what is bowman’s capsule?
double walled, cup shaped portion of kidney tubule
surrounds the glomerulus
lined with epithelium
filtration slits
what are podocytes?
specialized cells with extensions called foot processes
what does the filtration barrier consist of?
fenestrated epithelium
basement membrane
thin membrane covering filtration slits
where are the ureters located?
extends from renal pelvis to the bladder
true or false; ureters are retroperitoneal
true
what is the structure of the ureters?
mucosa
muscularis layer
serosa
what is the mucosa layer of the ureters made up of?
transitional epithelium
what type of connective tissue does the muscularis layer of the ureters have?
fibrous CT
where is the urinary bladder located?
posterior to pelvic bone
anterior tor rectum
inferior to peritoneum
what is the difference between the extent of an empty bladder vs a full bladder?
an empty bladder lies within the pelvic cavity
a full bladder lies in pelvis and extends into the abdomen. may reach level of umbilicus
the wall of the bladder is composed of what 4 layers?
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis layer
serosa
what is the mucosa layer lined with?
transitional epithelium
what is another name for the muscularis layer of the internal wall of the bladder?
detrusor muscle
what is the serosa composed of?
connective tissue
where is the uretha located?
begins at neck of bladder, ends at urethral orifice
how long is the female urethra?
3 cm
how long is the male urethra?
10 cm
what are the regions of the male urethra?
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra
- penile urethra
where does the prostatic urethra pass through, what is its function
pass thru prostate
recieves secretions from the prostate and ejaculatory duct
where does the membranous urethra pass through?
passes through urogenital diapragm
trace blood supply from kidney to inferior vena cava.
renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries ->venules -> renal vein -> IVC
trace pathway of urine.
bowman’s capsule -> proximal convoluted tube -> loop of henle -> distal convoluted tube -> collecting duct -> minor/major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra
