Respiration 2 Flashcards
what is found in the hilum of the lung on the medial surface?
pulmonary vessels and bronchi
locate the apex, base, costal, and medial surface of each lung.
apex - above clavicle
base - inferior, concave fits over convex dome of diaphragm
costal - in contact w ribs
medial - where pulmonary vessels pass into lung
the cardiac notch is located on which lung?
left
what is the pleura of the lungs?
double walled sac that protects the lungs
what is the visceral pleura?
on the lungs.
serous membrane that adheres directly to the surface of lungs
what is the parietal pleura?
serous membrane that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
what is the pleural cavity?
space between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes which contains pleural fluid for lubricaton
what is pleurisy?
infection of pleural membranes where dry swollen membranes rub against each other during respiration
into which intercostal space would you insert a needle at the midclavicular line?
6-7, 7-8
into which intercostal space is it safe to insert a needle at the midaxillary line?
Rib 8-9, 9-10
into which intercostal space is it safe to insert a needle at the midscapular line?
10-11, 11-12
what is each lung supplied by?
primary bronchi
what is each lobe supplied by?
secondary bronchi
how many does the right lung have? left lung?
right: 3 lobes; superior, inferior, middle
left: 2 lobe; superior, inferior
each lobe is further divided into what segments?
bronchopulmonary segments
what is each bronchopulmonary segment supplied by?
tertiary bronchus
pulmonary arteriole
pulmonary venule
why are bronchopulmonary segments clinically important?
tumors may be surgically removed without disrupting function of remaining lung tissue
what are the qualities of alveoli?
small grapelike clusters of sacs where gas exchange occurs
simple squamous epithelial
surrounded by capillaries
- what is the respiratory membrane composed of?
endothelium of capillary (simple squamous)
squamous cell of alveolar sac
what is the respiratory distress syndrome?
premature infants have inadequate supply of surfactant, which makes breathing difficult
what type of muscle is the diaphragm made up of?
skeletal muscle
which two cavities does the diaphragm separate?
thoracic and abdominal
what nerve supplies the diapragm, where does it originate from?
phrenic nerve c3 c4 c5
what are the 3 openings which structures of the thoracic cavity must pass to enter the abdominal cavity?
aorta, inferior vena cava, esophagus
what type of muscle are intercostal muscles made up of?
skeletal muscles
what do the internal and external layers of intercostal skeletal muscles do?
help alter the size of the thoracic cavity
breathing is regulated by…?
nervous system and peripheral chemoreceptors
how does the nervous system help regulate breathing?
CNS and PNS motor neurons control contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
*which parts of the brain has input in respiratory?
pons and medulla
hypothalamus
*what is the purpose of baroreceptors?
responds to pressure changes -> non-voluntary automatically kicks in
where are the carotid body and aortic bodies located? what do they respond to?
carotid body is near bifurcation
aortic bodies are near aortic arch
they respond to changes in pH (due to co2 lvls)
which nerves transmit info to the brainstem?
CN IX and CN X
what does the movement of air into and out of the lungs depend on?
pressure difference between the air in the atmosphere and air in the lungs.
air flows from high pressure to low pressure.
what is involved in inspiration?
contraction of the diaphragm -> lowers/flattens dome
contraction of intercostal muscles -> elevation of ribs (up and out)
if you are sitting, what type of expiration would you be using?
passive elastic recoil
what occurs during passive elastic recoil?
relaxation of skeletal muscle of the diaphragm (rises)
relaxation of intercostal : ribs move down and inward
decreases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity
how does decreasing the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity help expel air?
dec dimension -> inc pressure -> air moves out
if you are running, what type of expiration will you be using?
forced expiration
what occurs during forced expiration?
abdominal muscles contract and push organs upward further
decrease size of thoracic cavity to force more air out
