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Anatomy - Year Two > Urinary Anatomy > Flashcards

Urinary Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the principle function of the kidney?

A

Maintains homeostasis by blood filtration

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2
Q

What is the ureter?

A

A distensible macular tube which transmits urine from the renal pelvis into the bladder

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3
Q

What is the urethra? Outline its sexual dimorphic anatomy

A

A tube which transmits urine from the bladder out of the urethral meatus. Common between the reproductive and urinary system in males but distinct in females

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4
Q

Describe the location of the kidneys

A

Lie in the paravertebral gutters on the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral column between vertebra T12-L3

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5
Q

What is the hilus of the kidney?

A

The part on the medial concave border of the kidney through which blood vessels enter/leave the substance of the organ

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6
Q

What plane do the hilum of the kidneys lie?

A

Transpyloric plane

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7
Q

At what vertebral level does the transpyloric plane occur?

A

L1

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8
Q

Note the kidneys do not occur at the same vertebral level; why is this?

A

The right is lower than the left due to the liver

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9
Q

The kidney is enclosed by four layers; what are they?

A
  1. Fibrous renal capsule
  2. Fatty renal capsule
  3. Renal fascia (fibro-fatty tissue)
  4. Pararenal fatty tissue (mainly posterior aspect of kidneys)
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10
Q

What is the significance of having fatty tissue around the kidney?

A

Insulation and protection

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11
Q

What are the three muscular posterior relations of the kidneys?

A
  1. Abdominal diaphragm
  2. Psoas major
  3. Quadratus lumborum
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12
Q

What implication does the kidney’s close relation to the diaphragm have on its position?

A

It will move with respiration

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13
Q

What is the peritonisation of the kidneys?

A

Partially peritonised depending on the peritonisation of its anterior relations

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14
Q

Name some of the anterior relations of the kidneys

A 
RIGHT KIDNEY:
Suprarenal gland (R)
Liver (I)
Duodenum (distal 2/rds R)
Colon (Asc + Desc = R)
Jejunum (I)

LEFT KIDNEY: 
Suprarenal gland (R)
Stomach (I)
Spleen (I)
Pancreas ( R except for tail) 
Left colic flexure (TC = I)
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15
Q

Outline the nerve supply to the kidneys

A

Sympathetic T12-L1 spinal nerves pass through coeliac ganglia and along renal artery to organ

Parasympathetic nerves are derived from vagus

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16
Q

Describe the lymphatics of the kidney

A

Drain into the para-aortic nodes around the origin of the renal arteries at L1

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17
Q

How does horseshoe kidney occur?

A

Kidneys fuse together during embryological development

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18
Q

What is the consequence of horseshoe kidney?

A

Higher risk of stone formation and cancer

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19
Q

What is the consequence of double ureter?

A

Increase risk of UTIs and blockages

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20
Q

What can be said about the histological different between renal cortex and renal medulla?

A

Outer cortex is much denser than medulla

21
Q

What are the histological features of the:

  • Glomerulus
  • Convolute d tubules
  • Loops of Henle
  • Collecting ducts
A
  • Glomerulus - circular
  • Convolute d tubules - thick walled
  • Loops of Henle - thin-walled ascending and thick walled descending within the medulla
  • Collecting ducts - very large
22
Q

What are they two histological layers of the glomerulus?

A

Parietal and visceral (podocytes)

23
Q

Which layer of the glomerulus makes up the greater part of the cell population?

24
Q

What space lies between the parietal and visceral layers of the glomerulus?

A

Bowmann’s space

25
At what vertebral level are the paired renal arteries given off from the abdominal aorta?
L1-L2
26
How many branches does the renal artery produce when it enters the substance of the organ?
5
27
Describe the location of the abdominal aorta?
Slightly left of the midline along the vertebral bodies
28
With the location of the aorta in mind; describe the course of the left renal artery and vein
Renal artery = short and direct | Vein = travels anterior to the aorta and is relatively long
29
With the location of the aorta in mind; describe the course of the right renal artery and vein
Renal artery = travels posteriorly to the IVC and is relatively long Vein = direct and short
30
What vein travels up from the left renal pelvis anddrains in to the left renal vein?
Left gonadal artery
31
Describe the course of the right gonadal vein
Does not drain into the right renal vein but instead drains directly into the IVC
32
What is the peritonisation of the ureter?
Retroperitoneal
33
What two body cavities does the ureter traverse?
Anterior - abdominal cavity | Posterior - pelvic cavity
34
As the ureter descends, what muscle does it lie on?
Psoas major
35
The ureter crosses the bifurcation of what arteries anteriorly?
Common iliac
36
In males, what other tubular structure crosses the ureter superiorly?
Vas deferens
37
What structure crosses the ureter superiorly in females?
Uterine artery
38
There are three constrictions of the ureter; what are they?
1. Pelvi-Ureteric junctions 2. Pelvic brim 3. Vesico-ureteric junction
39
From which part of the bladder does the urethra exit?
Neck of the bladder
40
What structure is the origin of the median umbilical ligament?
The apex of the bladder
41
What is the median umbilical ligament a remnant of?
Urachus (allantois)
42
CAUTION:
Do not get the mediaN umbilical ligament confused with the mediaL umbilical ligament
43
What kind of tissue comprises the wall of the bladder?
Muscular
44
Identifythe bony joint immediately anterior to the urinary bladder?
Pubic symphysis
45
What kind of epithelium lines the urinary bladder and ureter?
Transitional epithelium
46
What is the benefit of having transitional epithelium lining the bladder and ureter?
Stratified layers in which the shape of the surface cells change can allow stretching
47
On a plain radiograph, the course of the ureters roughly follow what easily identifiable structures?
The tips of the lumbar transverse processes
48
What is a CT-KUB?
CT of the kidneys, ureters and bladder

Anatomy - Year Two (17 decks)

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