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Anatomy - Year Two > Endocrine Anatomy > Flashcards

Endocrine Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What bony structure does the pituitary gland reside in?

A

Pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

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2
Q

How is the optic chiasm related to the pituitary gland; what clinical relevance does this have?

A

The chiasm is superior to the pituitary gland; any enlargement (e.g. by a tumour) will compress this dessucation and cause bitemporal homonymous hemianopia)

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3
Q

Which fibres from the optic nerve cross over to the opposite side at the optic chiasm?

A

Nasal

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4
Q

What is the larger of the two pituitary lobes?

A

Anterior

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5
Q

Which of the two lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

A

Anterior

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6
Q

What is the function of the posterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

Neuroendocrine secretion

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7
Q

Histologically, which of the lobes of the pituitary appears lighter?

A

Posterior

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8
Q

Why does the posterior pituitary stain lighter than the anterior?

A

Posterior has a high population of acidophilic cells

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9
Q

What are the three types of cells are present in the pituitary gland?

A

Acidophilic, basophilic and chromophobic

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10
Q

What two classes of hormones are produced by the acidophilic cells?

A

Somatotrophs and mammotrophs

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11
Q

What is the secretory product of somotrophic acidophils?

A

Somatotrophin (GH)

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12
Q

What is the secretory product of mammotrophic acidophils?

A

Prolactin

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13
Q

What three classes of hormones are produced by the basophilic cells?

A

Croticotrophs, thryotrophs and gonadotrophs

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14
Q

What are the secretory products of corticotrophic basophils?

A

ACTH and MSH

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15
Q

What is MSH?

A

Melanotrophic stimulating hormone

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16
Q

What is the secretory product of thyrotrophic basophils?

A

TSH

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17
Q

What are the secretory products of gondaotrophic basophils?

A

LH and FSH

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18
Q

What hormones do the posterior pituitary produce?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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19
Q

What two branches of the internal carotid artery supply the pituitary gland?

A

Superior and inferior hypophysial arteries

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20
Q

Which artery supplies the anterior pituitary?

A

Superior hypophysial a.

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21
Q

Which artery supplies the posterior pituitary?

A

Inferior hypophysial a.

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22
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

A

Capillary network transmitted through the infidibulum

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23
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

A

Neuronal network transmitted through the infidibulum

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24
Q

What vertebral level is the thyroid located at?

A

C5 to T1

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25
Q

Which cartilages is the thyroid located between?

A

Cricoid cartilage and the 6th tracheal ring

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26
Q

Where does the isthmus lie?

A

Between the two lobes of the thyroid at the level between the 2nd and 4th tracheal ring

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27
Q

The thyroid histology changes depending on the activity of the gland; how is this the case?

A

Active gland - columnar cells

Inactive gland - cuboidal

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28
Q

Identify the three strap muscles that overlie the thyroid

A

Sternohyoid, omohyoid and sternothyroid

29
Q

Name the two nerves that supply the muscles of the vocal cords and describe their location in relation to the thyroid gland

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - runs between the trachea and the oesophagus
External laryngeal nerve - close to superior thyroid artery

30
Q

From which major artery in the neck does the superior thyroid artery arise?

A

ECA

31
Q

From which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?

A

Subclavian artery

32
Q

Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain?

A

IJV

33
Q

Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain?

A

IJV

34
Q

Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?

A

Braceocelphalic

35
Q

Hormones of the thyroid are stored in cavities, surrounded by secretory cells; what is the name of these structures?

A

Follicles

36
Q

Within the cavities; how is the hormone stored?

A

In complex with a glycoprotein

37
Q

What is the glycoprotein bound to thyroid hormones in the follicle called?

A

Colloid

38
Q

How is stored thyroid hormones secreted?

A

Reabsorbed from colloid and secreted out of secretory cell

39
Q

What is the secretory cell of the follicle called?

A

Follicular cells

40
Q

What colour do follicular cells stain?

A

Pink

41
Q

Where can you find clear/parafillicular/C cells?

A

Attached between the follicles

42
Q

What do C-cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin

43
Q

What hormones do the thyroid release?

A

T3 and T4

44
Q

Which thyroid hormones is also called thyroxine?

A

T4

45
Q

What is the name of T3?

A

Tri-iodothyronine

46
Q

Where do the parathyroid glands lie in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

Lateral posterior surface external to the thyroid fibrous capsule

47
Q

How many PT glands do most people have?

A

4

48
Q

Where are the superior PT glands located?

A

At the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

49
Q

Where are the inferoir PT glands located?

A

Near the inferior poles of the thyroid glands (although their position is variable)

50
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the PT glands

A

Inferior thyroid arteries

51
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the PT glands

A

Via the draining veins of the thyroid and into the IJV

52
Q

What two types of cells are present in the PT?

A

Chief cells and oxyphil cells

53
Q

How do you distinguish between the two types of PT cells?

A

Chief cells are more numerous and have darker staining of the cytoplasm

54
Q

What hormone is secreted by the PT gland?

A

PTH

55
Q

What is the action of PTH?

A

Acts to increase free calcium by stimulating osteoclasts and inhibiting PCT cell reabsorption of PO3-

56
Q

How are the surparenal glands separated from the kidneys?

A

By a capsule

57
Q

How are the suprarenal glands peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

58
Q

What are the embryological origins of the different layers of the adrenal glands?

A

Cortex - mesodermal epithelium

Medulla - neuroectoderm

59
Q

Describe the blood supply to the adrenals

A

Rich blood supply from the adrenal arteries which arise from the inferior phrenic vessels, aorta and renal arteries

60
Q

How many suprarenal veins are their?

A

One on each side

61
Q

Where does the right suprarenal vein drain into?

A

IVC

62
Q

Where does the left suprarenal vein drain into?

A

Left renal/left inferior phrenic vein

63
Q

The adrenal cortex is decided into three distinct zones; what are they?

A

Outer - zona glomerulosa (thin)
Middle - zone fasciculata (thick)
Inner - zona reticularis (adjacent to the medulla)

64
Q

What cells populate the adrenal medulla and what do they secrete?

A

Large ovoid chromaffin cells that secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline

65
Q

Name the three hormone types secreted from each of the three layers of the adrenal cortex

A

Mineralocorticoids - ZG
Glucocoirticoids - ZF
Androgens - ZR

66
Q

Describe the peritonisation fo the pancreas

A

All retroperitoneal except for the tail

67
Q

How do you differentiate the endocrine and exocrine parts of the pancreas histologically?

A

Islets of Langerhans are large, lightly stained clusters of cells

68
Q

What cell types are found in the Islets of the pancreas?

A

alpha cells - glucagon
beta cells - insulin
delta-cells - somatostatin

Anatomy - Year Two (17 decks)

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