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Anatomy - Year Two > Abdominal Anatomy - Wet Room (Week 2) > Flashcards

Abdominal Anatomy - Wet Room (Week 2) Flashcards

1
Q

At what vertebral level does the oesophageal hiatus occur/

A

T10

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2
Q

What four structures traverse the oesophageal opening?

A

Oesophagus
Vagus nerve
Left inferior phrenic vessels
Oesophageal arteries (from gastric vessels)

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3
Q

How is oesophagus’ lymph drained?

A

Upper 1/3 - deep cervical nodes
Middle 1/3 - superior and inferior mediastinal nodes
Lower 1/3 - celiac lymph nodes

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4
Q

What are the two orifices of the stomach?

A

Cardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincter

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5
Q

What are the two curvatures of the stomach?

A

Greater and lesser

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6
Q

What are the two surfaces of the stomach?

A

Anterior and posterior

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7
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Controlling gastric emptying

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8
Q

The pyloric sphincter is formed from thickening of what layer of the gut tube?

A

Muscularis externa - circular layer

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9
Q

What are the gastric folds/rugae formed from?

A

Mucosa

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10
Q

In which portions of the stomach are they most apparent?

A

Pyloric and fundus

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11
Q

Which sphincter controls discharge of food from the stomach into the duodenum?

A

Pyloric

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12
Q

The stomach lies on several structures in the abdominal cavity called the stomach bed; they are what?

A
  1. Left dome of the diaphragm
  2. Pancreas
  3. Spleen
  4. Left kidney
  5. Left adrenal gland
  6. Colon
  7. Mesocolon (mesentery of the colon)
  8. Splenic artery
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13
Q

The stomach is drained by what four groups of lymph nodes?

A
  1. Superior gastric
  2. Supra-pyloric
  3. Inferior gastric sub-pyloric
  4. Pancreaticolienal
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14
Q

All four primary lymph node groups of the stomach eventually drain into where?

A

Cisterna chill through the celiac nodes

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15
Q

What is the effect of increased vagal stimulation on the pyloris and gastric secretion?

A

Pyloris - increased emptying (relaxing)

Gastric secretion - Increased

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16
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
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17
Q

Which part of the small intestine receives the opening of the bile and pancreatic duct?

A

Duodenum

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18
Q

Where is the foregut/midgut boundary in the small intestine?

A

Ampulla of Vater

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19
Q

How are the different parts of the small intestine peritonised?

A

Duodenum - First part peritonised and the rest is retroperitoneal
Jejunum - Intraperitoneal
Ileum - Intraperitoneal

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20
Q

Which part of the small intestine is shortest, widest and most fixed?

A

Duodenum

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21
Q

In which part of the small intestine (jejunum or ileum) do the arterial arcades have many loops?

A

Ileum

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22
Q

Which part of the autonomic system stimulates reduces the secretion and motility of the intestine and also acts as vasoconstrictor?

A

Sympathetic

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23
Q

Large intestine can be distinguished from the small intestine by what two macroscopic and two microscopic features?

A

Microscopic - Villi are absent in large intestine, no Peyer’s patches in large intestine

Macroscopic - haustra present in large intestine, circular folds in large intestine

24
Q

In which abdominal region is the caecum and appendix?

A

Right iliac

25
What two structures open into the caecum?
Vermiform appendix and small intestine
26
Locate McBurney's point and its clinical relevance
1/3 of the way from the right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus. Sign of most tenderness in acute appendicitis
27
Describe the arterial supply to the rectum
Superior 1/3 - superior rectal artery Middle 1/3 Superior rectal artery Inferior 1/3 - middle rectal artery
28
Describe the venous drainage of the rectum
Superior 1/3 - superior rectal vein Middle 1/3 - superior rectal vein Inferior 1/3 - middle rectal vein
29
Describe the peritonisation of the rectum
Superior 1/3 - intraperitoneal Middle 1/3 - retroperitoneal Inferior 1/3 - retroperitoneal
30
What is the role of the pelvic floor in maintaining faecal continence?
Forms the urinary and anal sphincters
31
What nodes drain the anal canal?
Deep - Internal iliac lymph nodes | Superficial - superficial inguinal lymph nodes
32
Describe the innervation of the anal canal
Deep 2/3 - Visceral motor and sensory innervation | Superficial 1/3 - Somatic motor and sensory innervation
33
Why is the superficial 1/3 of the anal canal under somatic innervation?
Give voluntary control of the external anal sphincter
34
Describe the arterial, venous and lymphatic supply to the stomach
Arterial supply - Branches of coeliac trunk Venous drainage - portal system Lymphatics - 4 groupd into cisterns chyli
35
Describe the arterial, venous and lymphatic supply to the first part of the duodenum
Arterial supply - branches of the coeliac trunk (gastroduodenal artery) Venous drainage - portal system Lymphatics - celiac nodes
36
Describe the arterial, venous and lymphatic supply to the second part of the duodenum
Arterial supply - SMA (pancreaticoduodenal artery) Venous drainage - Superior mesenteric vein Lymphatics - Celiac nodes
37
Describe the arterial, venous and lymphatic supply to the jejunum
Arterial supply - Jejunal arteries of SMA Venous drainage - Superior Mesenteric Vein Lymphatics - Superior mesenteric group
38
Describe the arterial, venous and lymphatic supply to the ileum
Arterial supply - Ileal arteries of SMA Venous drainage - Superior Mesenteric vein Lymphatics - Superior mesenteric group
39
Describe the arterial, venous and lymphatic supply to the caecum and ascending colon
Arterial supply - Right colic artery of SMA Venous drainage - Right colic vein to SMV Lymphatics - Superior mesenteric group
40
Describe the arterial, venous and lymphatic supply to the right 2/3 of transverse colon
Arterial supply - Middle colic artery of SMA Venous drainage - Middle colic vein to SMV Lymphatics - Superior mesenteric group
41
Describe the arterial, venous and lymphatic supply to the left 1/3 of the transverse colon and descending colon
Arterial supply - Left colic artery of IMA Venous drainage - Left colic veins to IMV Lymphatics - Inferior mesenteric group
42
Describe the arterial, venous and lymphatic supply to the sigmoid colon
Arterial supply - sigmoid arteries from IMA Venous drainage - sigmoid veins to IMV Lymphatics - Inferior mesenteric group
43
The hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments are parts of which omentum?
Lesser omentum
44
What is the falciform ligament and what structures lie within its free border?
Ligament that separates the left and right lobes of the liver; in its free boarders are the ligamentum teres (round ligament) and paraumbilical veins
45
What is the embryological origin of the ligamentum teres of the liver?
The foetal umbilical vein
46
How many layers of the peritoneum are present in the greater omentum?
4
47
What are the paracolic gutters?
Spaces between the colon and abdominal wall (laterally and posteriorly)
48
What is the clinical significance of the paracolic gutters?
Fluid leaking from viscera collects there
49
What type of muscle is the muscularis externa?
Smooth
50
What secretory cells are present in the gastric pits?
``` Parietal cells (H+ and intrinsic factor) ECL cell (histamine) G cells (gastrin) D cells (somatostatin) Chief cells (zymogens- pepsinogen) ```
51
Where, along the gut tube, do glands extend down beyond the muslcularis externa and into the submucosa??
Duodenum
52
What appear to be spaces can be seen scattered between the cells of the surface epithelium of the large intestine are actually the contents of secretory cells; what are they?
Crypt cells (secreting water and Cl-)
53
What type of cells are present on the surface epithelium of the large intestine?
Enterocytes, goblet cells
54
What is the transpyloric plane?
Upper transverse plane halfway between the jugular notch and the pubic symphysis
55
How so you locate the transpyloric plane?
Hand breadth beneath the xiphoid process

Anatomy - Year Two (17 decks)

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