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Anatomy - Year Two > Abdominal Anatomy - Dry Room (Week 1) > Flashcards

Abdominal Anatomy - Dry Room (Week 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of the peritoneum?

A

Visceral and parietal

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2
Q

Define the term peritoneal cavity

A

The continuous space between abdominal viscera and peritoneal membrane

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3
Q

What are the two major divisions of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Greater and lesser sac

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4
Q

Through which passage do these two sacs communicate?

A

Epiploic foramen/foramen of Winslow

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5
Q

Describe where the epiploic foramen is located?

A

Posterior to the stomach

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6
Q

Organs may be totally surrounded by peritoneum (intraperitoneal) or only covered on their anterior surface (retroperitoneal). Name them

A

Retroperitoneal: Intraperitoneal:

S - Suprarenal glands S - stomach
A - Aorta (+IVC) A - appendix
D - Duodenum L - liver
T - transverse colon
P - pancreas D - duodenum (1st part)
U - ureter
C - colon (asc. + desc.) S - spleen
K - kidneys P - pancreas (tail only)
E - osophagus R - rectum (upper 1/3)
R - rectum S - sigmoid colon
S - small intestines

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7
Q

What is present in the peritoneal cavity?

A

Peritoneal fluid

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8
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain and heat?

A

Parietal

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9
Q

What are the attachments for the greater omentum?

A

Greater curvature of the stomach and transverse colon

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10
Q

What are the attachments for the lesser omentum?

A

Lesser curvature of the stomach and the inferior margin of the liver

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11
Q

Outline the role of the greater omentum as the abdominal policeman

A

During infection, especially appendicitis, inflammatory exudate causes the free borders of the momentum to adhere to the infected site, localising it and protecting the abdomen from serious diffuse peritonitis

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12
Q

What nerves innervate the parietal peritoneum? What effect does this have on nociception?

A

T7-L1 - pain is somatic and precisely localised

Extremely sensitive to stretching and gives rise to the clinical feature of rebound tenderness

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13
Q

What nerves innervate the visceral peritoneum? What effect does this have on nociception?

A

Innervated by autonomic nerves

Pain is often poorly localised, referred (to the midline mostly) and dull

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14
Q

What muscles of posterior abdominal wall are there?

A

Psoas major
Iliacus
Quadrates lumborum

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15
Q

What are the main nerves of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Subcostalis and lumbar spinal nerves

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16
Q

What are the main organs associated with the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Kidneys
Spleen
Pancreas

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17
Q

What are the main vessels associated with the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Descending aorta and IVC

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18
Q

What are the three major openings in the diaphragm (hiatuses)?

A

Aortic (T12) - Aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein

Oesophageal (T10) - oesophagus and vagus nerve

Caval (T8) - IVC and phrenic nerve

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19
Q

What are the three main branches of the abdominal aorta which supply blood to the gut tube and abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  1. Celiac trunk
  2. Inferior mesenteric artery
  3. Superior mesenteric artery
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20
Q

What vessels comprise the celiac trunk and where do they arise from the abdominal aorta?

A

Splenic, common hepatic and left gastric arteries

T12

21
Q

Where does the superior mesenteric artery arise from the abdominal aorta?

A

L1

22
Q

Where does the inferior mesenteric artery arise from the abdominal aorta?

A

L3

23
Q

At what vertebral level does the aorta divide into two common iliac arteries?

A

L4

24
Q

How is the IVC formed?

A

Coalescence of the iliac veins at L4

25
Q

List two foregut structures

A

Stomach and abdominal oesophagus

26
Q

List two midgut structures

A

Duodenum and ileum

27
Q

List two hindgut structures?

A

Colon and rectum

28
Q

What artery supplies the foregut?

A

CT

29
Q

What artery supplies the midgut?

A

SMA

30
Q

What artery supplies the hindgut?

A

IMA

31
Q

Name additional foregut and midgut-derived organs which are not part of the gut tube

A

Pharynx and lower respiratory tract = Foregut

Appendix = midgut

32
Q

What is a portal blood system?

A

A parallel blood supply which bypasses the heart

33
Q

The portal vein is by the union of two major veins; what are they?

A

Splenic and superior mesenteric veins

34
Q

List the four sites of portocaval anastomosis in the body?

A
  1. Distal oesophagus
  2. Rectum (distal)
  3. Umbilicus
  4. Bare area of the liver
35
Q

What is the clinical significance of portocaval anatomises?

A

Venous dilation of these areas indicates portal hypertension

36
Q

What sympathetic nerves supply the gut tube?

A
  1. Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser and least)
  2. Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
  3. Abdominal aortic plexus
37
Q

What parasympathetic nerves supply the gut tube?

A

Anterior and posterior vagal trunks

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, 3 and 4)

38
Q

What is the effect of the parasympathetic system on GI secretion, peristalsis and blood vessels?

A

Secretion - increased

Peristalsis - increased

Blood vessels - dilation

39
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic system on GI secretion, peristalsis and blood vessels?

A

Secretion - decreased

Peristalsis - decreased

Blood vessels - constriction

40
Q

What is the effect of a vagotomy on gastric secretion?

A

Decreases it

41
Q

How are the ganglia of the two divisions of the autonomic system arranged differently?

A

Sympathetic - mostly in the sympathetic chain close to the spinal cord (short presynaptic and long postsynaptic axons)

Parasympathetic - mostly close to the target organs (long presynaptic and short postsynaptic axons)

42
Q

At what vertebral level do the kidneys lie on the posterior abdominal wall?

A

T12-L3

43
Q

Which kidney is slightly lower than the other? Why?

A

The right

Due to the liver

44
Q

What is the anterior to posterior arrangement of the vessels entering/exiting the kidney

A

Anterior - renal vein
Middle - renal artery
Posterior - ureter

45
Q

How are the kidneys peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

46
Q

What is the anatomical location of the suprarenal gland? What type of gland is it?

*Clue is in the name

A

On top of the kidneys

Endocrine

47
Q

What are ureters?

A

Pelvic ducts which transmit urine from the kidneys to the bladder

48
Q

What is the term used to describe the expanded upper part of the ureters?

A

Renal caryx/pelvis

49
Q

The ureter is normally constricted at three locations on its course to the bladder. Where are theses?

A
  1. Junction of ureters and renal pelvis
  2. Bifurcation of common iliac arteries
  3. Vesico-uteric junction (bladder wall)

Anatomy - Year Two (17 decks)

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