Abdominal Anatomy - Wet Room (Week 1)

Question 1

What two imaginary lines are used to divide the abdomen into quadrants?

Answer 1

1. Transumbilical

2. Midsaggital

Question 2

Outline the lines used to divide the abdomen into its nine regions

Answer 2

Mid-clavicular lines
Transtubercular line
Subcostal line

Question 3

Name the 9 regions of the abdomen

Answer 3

Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric
Right and left lumbar, umbilical
Right and left iliac/inguinal, hypogastric/suprapubic

Question 4

Note organs/structures that are present in the right hypochondriac region

Answer 4

Liver, right kidney, ascending colon

Question 5

Note organs/structures that are present in the epigastric region

Answer 5

Transverse colon, stomach and pancreas

Question 6

Note organs/structures that are present in the left hypochondriac region

Answer 6

Descending colon, spleen, kidney

Question 7

Note organs/structures that are present in the right lumbar region

Answer 7

Ascending colon

Question 8

Note organs/structures that are present in the umbilical regions

Answer 8

Jejunum, descending aorta

Question 9

Note organs/structures that are present in the left lumbar region

Answer 9

Descending colon

Question 10

Note organs/structures that are present in the right iliac region

Answer 10

Caecum, asending colon, vermiform appendix

Question 11

Note organs/structures that are present in the hypogastrium

Answer 11

Bladder, ovaries, uterus

Question 12

Note organs/structures that are present in the left iliac region

Answer 12

Descending colon, sigmoid colon

Question 13

The antero-lateral abdominal wall is constituted of how may flat muscles and how many vertical muscles?

Answer 13

Three flat and one vertical

Question 14

Name the muscles of the antero-lateral abdominal wall

Answer 14

External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis (vertical)

Question 15

What are the actions of the external oblique?

Answer 15

• Compresses and supports the abdominal viscera

- Flexes and rotates the trunk

Question 16

What are the action of the internal oblique?

Answer 16

• Compresses and supports the abdominal viscera

- Flexes and rotates the trunk

Question 17

What is the action of the transversus abdominis?

Answer 17

Compresses and supports the abdominal viscera

Question 18

Describe the innervations of the external oblique

Answer 18

Anterior rami of T7-11 and subcostal nerve (T12)

Same as rectus abdominis

Question 19

Describe the innervation of the internal oblique

Answer 19

Anterior rai of T7-11
Subcostal nerve (T12)
First lumbar nerve

Same as TA

Question 20

Describe the innervation of the transversus abdominis

Answer 20

Anterior rai of T7-11
Subcostal nerve (T12)
First lumbar nerve

Same as IO

Question 21

What is the action of the rectus abdominis?

Answer 21

Flexes the trunk
Compresses the abdominal viscera
Antilordosis (prevents you bending too far backwards)

Question 22

Describe the innervation of the rectus abdominis

Answer 22

Anterior rami of T7-11 and subcostal nerve (T12)

Same as external oblique

Question 23

Describe the orientation of the muscles of the antero-lateral abdominal wall

Answer 23

External oblique - run inferomedially (V down to groin)
Internal Oblique - run superomedially (V up to sternum)
Transversus Abdominis - Transverse duh
Rectus Abdominis - straight (6 pack)

Question 24

List the muscles of the antero-lateral abdominal wall from most deep to most superficial

Answer 24

Transversus abdominis
Internal oblique
Rectus abdominis
External oblique

Question 25

What is the rectus sheath?

Answer 25

The aponeurosis of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis

Question 26

Describe the relationship between the rectus abdominis and the rectus sheath above and below the umbilicus

Answer 26

Superior - the rectus abdominis sits within the rectus sheath Inferior - the rectus abdominis sits deep to the rectus sheath

Question 27

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 27

Flat ligament

Question 28

At what vertebral level is the umbilicus on the abdominal wall?

Answer 28

L3

Question 29

Why is the umbilicus not a good land mark?

Answer 29

It can vary in people from L3-L5

Question 30

How is the inguinal canal formed?

Answer 30

During gonad relocation in foetal development

Question 31

The inguinal ligament is attached to which two bony points of the hip?

Answer 31

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine | Pubic tubercle

Question 32

The inguinal canal has two walls, a floor and a roof. Name them

Answer 32

Anterior wall - external oblique aponeurosis Posterior wall - transversalis fascia Floor - inguinal ligament Roof - Musculo-aponeurotic arches of the internal oblique

Question 33

What tissue lies deep to all the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 33

Transversalis fascia

Question 34

The inguinal ring has two apertures, what are they?

Answer 34

Deep ring superiorly | Superficial ring inferiorly

Question 35

What is the relationship between the deep inguinal ring to the inferior epigastric vessels?

Answer 35

The deep inguinal rings is just inferior and lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

Question 36

Where does the superficial ring lie in relation to the pubic tubercle?

Answer 36

Superioanteriorly and laterally

Question 37

What artery does the superior epigastric artery arise from?

Answer 37

Internal thoracic

Question 38

What artery does the inferior epigastric vessel arise from?

Answer 38

External iliac artery

Question 39

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in males?

Answer 39

Spermatic cord Blood and lymph vessels Ilio-Inguinal nerve

Question 40

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in females?

Answer 40

Round ligament of the uterus Blood and lymph vessels Ilio-inguinal nerve

Question 41

What is the most common type of hernia?

Answer 41

Inguinal

Question 42

Outline the different types of inguinal hernia

Answer 42

Direct - 1//3 of inguinal hernias, arise from weakness in posterior wall of canal - abdominal contents may pass into the inguinal canal Indirect - most common, resulting from congenital weakness in deep inguinal ring - abdominal contents may pass through the inguinal canal

Question 43

Where do femoral hernias occur?

Answer 43

Below the inguinal ligament

Question 44

What is a femoral hernia?

Answer 44

Abdominal contents pass into a weak area at the posterior wall of the femoral canal

Question 45

What gender are femoral hernias more common in?

Answer 45

Females

Question 46

What is the complication of femoral hernias?

Answer 46

Strangulation of the herniated fascia

Question 47

What is an umbilical hernia?

Answer 47

Where a weakness at the umbilicus allows passage of abdominal contents. In adults it is acquired, can be congenital if present at birth

Question 48

The entire GI tract shares certain common histological features. They all show distinct functional layers. What are they?

Answer 48

1. Mucosa - made up of epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis externa 4. Serosa/Adventitia

Question 49

What layers of the muscularis externa are there?

Answer 49

Deep - circular muscle | Superficial - longitudinal muscle

Question 50

What are the three roles of the mucosa of the GI?

Answer 50

1. Protective 2. Secretory 3. Absorptive