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Anatomy - Year Two > Neuroanatomy - Wet Room (Week 1) > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy - Wet Room (Week 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What three structures make up the brainstem?

A

The midbrain, the pons and the medulla

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2
Q

What cranial cavity does the brainstem lie in?

A

Posterior

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3
Q

Embryologically what two primary vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem?

A

Mesencephalon and the rhombencephalon

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4
Q

What two features are visible on the anterior aspect of the medulla?

A

Olives and pyramidal tracts

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5
Q

What is contained within the olives?

A

The olivary nuclei

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6
Q

What are the pyramidal tracts?

A

Tracts of neural tissue transmitting motor impulses to the body

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7
Q

What features are visible on the posterior aspect of the medulla?

A

The dorsal columns

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8
Q

Describe the organisation of the dorsal columns?

A

Two pairs

Lateral = gracile 
Medial = cuneate
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9
Q

Where do the dorsal tracts transmit to?

A

The thalamus and then on to the cerebral cortex (dorsal tracts ascend)

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10
Q

What features are visible on the anterior aspect of the midbrain?

A

The crus cerebri

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11
Q

What are the visible features of the posterior aspect of the midbrain?

A 
The pineal gland
The colliculi (superior and inferior) 
Cerebellar peduncles (inferior, medial and superior)
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12
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Produces melatonin (neurotransmitter)

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13
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

A

Visual

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14
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

Hearing

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15
Q

What neural structure originates inferiorly to the inferior colliculi?

A

The trochlear nerve

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16
Q

What is the crus cerebri?

A

The exposed origin of the cerebral peduncle

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17
Q

What are the cerebellar peduncles? What is the middle cerebellar peduncle made up of?

A

A grey matter structure transmitting commissural fibres to the cerebellum

Middle= centripetal fibres (incoming fibres)

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18
Q

What are the cavities (of the ventricular system) that lie within the brainstem?

A

3rd and 4th ventricles

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19
Q

The trigeminal (CN V) nerve originates from what structure?

A

Pons

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20
Q

What part of the brain lies immediately superior to the midbrain?

A

Diencephalon

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21
Q

What part of the brain lies immediately inferior to the midbrain?

A

Pons

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22
Q

What comprises the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus and the hypothalamus

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23
Q

What are the surface projections visible on the surface of the hypothalamus called?

A

Mamillary bodies

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24
Q

What is the name given to the midline structure connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Vermis

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25
Q

Describe the lobular structure of the cerebellum

A

Anterior, posterior and flocularnodular lobes (tonsils are attached to this lobe)

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26
Q

What part of the brain is the cerebellum anatomically connected to by the cerebellar peduncles?

A

The pons

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27
Q

What is the name of the ventricular space that lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum

A

The fourth ventricle

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28
Q

Identify the cranial cavity in which the cerebellum lies

A

Posterior

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29
Q

Identify the foramen in the skill that the cerebellum sits above

A

The foramen magnum

30
Q

An increase in cerebellar pressure may cause coning, what is this?

A

Herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum

31
Q

What is the name given to the large fissure separating the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

The longitudinal fissure

32
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

Fibres that transmit across the two cerebral hemispheres

33
Q

What are association fibres?

A

Fibres that transmits two two areas of the cortex

34
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

Efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.

35
Q

What type of fibres are present in the corpus callosum?

A

Commissural

36
Q

What fold of dura sits above the cerebellum?

A

The tentorium cerebelli

37
Q

Which lobe contains the primary motor cortex?

A

Frontal

38
Q

Which lobe contains the primary visual cortex?

A

Occipital

39
Q

Which lobe contains the primary sensory cortex?

A

Parietal

40
Q

Which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex?

A

Temporal

41
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Thinking, memory, behaviour and movement

42
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing, learning and feelings

43
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Language and touch

44
Q

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

Sight

45
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Balance and coordination

46
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem?

A

Breathing, heart rate and temperature

47
Q

What is Brocca’s area?

A

Anterior speech centre responsible for motor speech

48
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Posterior speech centre responsible for sensory speech

49
Q

Where specifically is the primary sensory cortex?

A

Post-central gyrus

50
Q

Where specifically is the primary motor cortex?

A

Pre-central gyrus

51
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate in adults?

A

L1/L2

52
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate in children?

A

L2/L3

53
Q

What structure occurs at the end of the spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris

54
Q

Where does the dura mater terminate?

A

S3

55
Q

Why does the arachnoid mater terminate with the dura mater?

A

They are intimately linked

56
Q

What happens to the pia mater inferiorly to the spinal cord?

A

Becomes the filum terminale

57
Q

Where does the filum terminale attach inferiorly?

A

Coxyggeal bones

58
Q

What purpose does the filum terminale serve?

A

Anchors the spinal cord inferiorly

59
Q

What is an upper motor neurone?

A

Originates from the cerebral cortex, brainstem or spinal cord

60
Q

What is a lower motor neurone?

A

Originates distally to the upper motor neurones

61
Q

What lobes contains the limbic system?

A

The temporal

62
Q

What is the groove separating pons from medulla?

A

Pontomedullary junction

63
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from pontomedullary junction?

A

Abducens (VI), facial (VII), vestibulocochlear (VIII)

64
Q

Which cranial nerve has longest intracranial course?

A

Abducens (VI)

65
Q

What is the clinical significance of abducens nerve?

A

It is vulnerable to injury by increased intracranial pressure and mechanical injury. Damage to the nerve causes diplopia

66
Q

Where does decussation of pyramids occur?

A

Nerves cross at anterior median fissure of medulla

67
Q

Name the various sulci

A

Lateral sulcus (also called Lateral sylvian fissure), central sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus, calcarine sulcus

68
Q

At what vertebral level do you perform a lumbar puncture in adults?

A

L3/L4

69
Q

At what vertebral level do you perform a lumbar puncture in children?

A

L4/L5

70
Q

What type of motor neurone lesion is damage to cauda equina ?

A

Lower motor neurone lesion

71
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

72
Q

How do you position a patient for a lumbar puncture?

A

Lean forward, flex spine (increase interspinous distance)

Anatomy - Year Two (17 decks)

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