Urinary Flashcards
1
Q
define UREA
A
major waste from protein metabolism
2
Q
define CREATININE
A
waste from muscle metabolism
3
Q
define RETROPERITONEAL
A
behind peritoneum
4
Q
define RENAL CORTEX
A
outer region of kidney
5
Q
define MEDULLA
A
inner region of kidney w/tubules that collect urine
6
Q
define NEPHRONS
A
microscopic functional units of each kidney where urine is made via filtration, reabsorption, & secretion
7
Q
define GLOMERULUS
A
cluster of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule & renal tubule
8
Q
define BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
A
cup shaped membrane
9
Q
define RENAL ARTERY
A
place blood enters kidney into nephrons
10
Q
define RENAL VEIN
A
place where filtered blood leaves after glomerulus
11
Q
define RENAL PELVIS
A
funnel shaped area inside kidney surrounded by renal cortex & medulla where pee collects thru ureters
12
Q
define URETERS
A
tubes take pee from kidney to bladder using peristalsis that drain pee from bladder via ureteral orifices
13
Q
define URINARY BLADDER
A
oval, hollow, & muscular organ that can hold ~ 1 pint lined w/rugae
14
Q
urethra
A
tube from bladder to outside w/urinary sphincter @ either end; shorter in women than men
15
Q
define URETHRAL MEATUS
A
external opening of urethra
16
Q
aka: urethral meatus
A
urinary meatus
17
Q
define PROSTATE GLAND
A
male reproductive organ that surrounds urethra & can affect urination
18
Q
aka: urination
A
voiding or micturition
19
Q
define NEPHROPATHY
A
any kidney disease that is degenerative & inflammatory
20
Q
define RENAL FAILURE
A
damaged nephrons irreplaceable leads to failure & impressed filtration
21
Q
aka: renal failure
A
kidney failure
22
Q
describe AZOTEMIA
A
high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) bc lack of blood flow to kidney
23
Q
describe UREMIA
A
toxic condition that can stem from azotemia from renal failure leading to waste being retained in the blood
24
Q
aka: uremia
A
uremic poisoning
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describe ACUTE RENAL FAILURE (ARF)
sudden onset associated w/uremia bc of not enough blood to kidney
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cause: acute renal failure
dehydration, sudden drop in blood volume or BP, injury, burns, severe infection
27
describe CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
progressive loss of renal function leading to buildup of waste causing heart attacks & strokes
28
define END STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD)
final stage of CKD that is fatal unless transplant or dialysis
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aka: end stage renal disease
kidney failure
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describe NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
group of s/s in disorders causing glomerulonephritis bc of excessive amnt of protein lost thru urine leading to low protein in blood
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aka: nephrotic syndrome
nephrosis
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define MINIMAL CHANGE DISEASE
nephrons look normal under microscope
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describe EDEMA
excessive fluid accumulation & swelling in tissue; symptom of nephrotic syndrome, kidney disease, & other
34
define HYPERPROTEINURIA
abnormally high concentration of protein in urine
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define HYPOPROTEINEMIA
abnormally low concentration of protein in blood & associate w/hyperproteinuria
36
describe ECTOPIC KIDNEY
congenital; 1 kidney in weird position/fused with other kidney & increase risk of UTI & nephroliths
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describe HYDRONEPHROSIS
dilation of 1 or both kidneys bc of backing up of urine from spacings, stricture, or obstruction
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describe NEPHRITIS
inflammation of kidney or kidneys bc of toxins, infection, autoimmune
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describe GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
nephritis caused by inflammation of glomeruli; RBCs & proteins leak into urine
40
define PYONEPHROSIS
suppuration of kidney associated w/hydronephrosis
41
aka: pyonephrosis
nephropyosis
42
describe POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE (PKD)
genetic condition where fluid-filled cysts in kidneys replace kidney mass & reduce function leading to kidney failure & enlargement
43
describe RENAL COLIC
acute pain in kidney from blockage bc of nephrolith that comes in waves
44
describe RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
most common kidney cancer asymptomatic until tumor impairs function & can lead to flank pain & blood in urine
45
aka: renal cell carcinoma
hypernephroma
46
define WILMS TUMOR
rare malignant kidney tumor in kids w/high cure rate
47
aka: Wilms tumor
nephroblastoma
48
define STONE
abnormal mineral deposit
49
aka: stone
calculus or calculi
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define NEPHROLITHIASIS
presence of stones in kidney
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aka: nephrolith
kidney stone or renal calculus
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describe URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION
blockage preventing flow of urine bc of stones, congenital abnormalities, or enlarged prostate
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define URETEROLITH
stone anywhere along ureter
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define CYSTOLITH
stone in bladder
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define CYSTOLITHIASIS
bladder in stones
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describe HYDROURETER
distention of ureter w/blocked urine bc blockage & always accompanies hydronephrosis
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describe URETERAL OBSTRUCTION
blockage of 1 or both ureters bc of congenital, ureterolith, or other disorders
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define URETERORRHAGIA
discharge of blood from ureter
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define CYSTOCELE
hernia of bladder thru vaginal wall
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aka: cystocele
prolapsed bladder
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describe INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS
chronic inflammation of walls of bladder w/symptoms similar to cystitis but doesn't respond to traditional treatment
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define VESICOURETERAL REFLUX (VUR)
retrograde flow of urine into ureters from bladder common in infants & kids
63
describe VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA
fistula between bladder & vagina leading to involuntary flow bc of tissue damage or surgery; s/s: fecal or urinary incontinence
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describe NEUROGENIC BLADDER
interference w/nerve pathways associate w/peeing leads to urinary retention & incontinence
65
cause: neurogenic bladder
nervous system tumor, trauma, neuropathy, inflammatory condition (MS)
66
describe BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)
in men +50 yrs abnormal enlargement of prostate not caused by cancer or infection; s/s: difficult/frequent nutrition
67
aka: benign prostatic hyperplasia
benign prostatic hypertrophy or enlarged prostate or prostatomegaly
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describe PROSTATISM
compression or obstruction of urethra bc of benign prostatic hyperplasia leads to difficulty in urination
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describe PROSTATE CANCER
one of most common in men +50 yrs & can grow slowly & asymptomatic or opposite
70
define PROSTATITIS
group of disorders w/inflammation of prostate
71
define URETHRORRHAGIA
bleeding from urethra
72
define URETHORRHEA
abnormal discharge from urethra associated w/STDs
73
describe URETHROSTENOSIS
narrowing of urethra almost exclusive in men from scarring from infection/injury
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aka: urethrostenosis
urethral stricture
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define EPISPADIAS
congenital abnormality of urethral opening
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define HYPOSPADIAS
congenital abnormality of urethral opening
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describe URINARY TRACT INFECTION
bacterial infection generally beginning in bladder; can lead to weakness, infection, & urosepsis in elderly
78
s/s: urinary tract infection
pain, burning when peeing, fever, fatigue, urinary urgency, pain in low back
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describe UROSEPSIS
life threatening systemic bacterial infection bc UTI spreads to kidneys
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define RECURRENT UTI
cystitis at least 2 times in 6 months or more than 3 times in 1 year
81
define CYSTITIS
inflammation of bladder
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describe PYELONEPHRITIS
inflammation of both renal pelvis lining & kidney from bacterial infection spreading up from bladder
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define URETHRITIS
inflammation of urethra
84
define ANURIA
absence of urine forming in kidney
85
define DIURESIS
high output of urine
86
define DYSURIA
difficult or painful urination & associated w/UTIs
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define ENURESIS
involuntary discharge of urine
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define NOCTURNAL ENURESIS
urine incontinence during sleep
89
aka: nocturnal enuresis
bed wetting
90
define NOCTURIA
frequent & excessive urination during night
91
define OLIGURIA
scanty urination from dehydration, renal, failure, urinary tract obstruction
92
describe POLYURIA
excessive urination; symptom of diabetes
93
describe URINARY HESITANCY
difficulty starting urine stream; common in old men w/enlarged prostate
94
define BASHFUL BLADDER SYNDROME
inability to pee in presence of others in young ppl
95
describe URINARY RETENTION
inability to completely empty bladder more common in men & associated w/enlarged prostate
96
define INCONTINENCE
inability to control excretion of urine, feces, or both
97
describe OVERFLOW INCONTINENCE
continuous leaking bc bladder doesn't empty completely or is full
98
define STRESS INCONTINENCE
can't control voiding under physical stress
99
describe OVERACTIVE BLADDER (OAB)
bladder muscles involuntary contract when bladder not full enough to pee causing sphincters to relax & increase incontinence/frequency
100
aka: overactive bladder
urge incontinence
101
define GLYCOSURIA
carbs/sugars in urine
102
define HEMATURIA
blood/blood cells in urine
103
describe URINARY URGENCY
sudden, compelling urge to pee associated w/many disorders & increase w/age
104
define RENAL HYPERTENSION
hypertension from kidney disease
105
describe RENAL ISCHEMIA
blood flow to glomerulus severely decreased leading to atrophy & scarring of kidneys; gen from nephrosclerosis
106
describe NEPHROSCLEROSIS
arteriole walls in kidneys narrow & thick from essential hypertension
107
describe URINALYSIS
examine urine for abnormal elements diagnose disease, kidney damage, pregnancy, & presence of drugs; analyzes color, pH, glucose, protein, ketones, occuli hematuria, leukocytes, nitrites, bilirubin, specific gravity, & microscopic
108
define DIPSTICK URINALYSIS
urinalysis screen for chemical changes in pee
109
define MANUAL/MICROSCOPIC URINALYSIS
test urine sediment w/centrifuge
110
define GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)
blood test to check kidney function filtering to diagnose CKD & kidney failure
111
define BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN) TEST
to indicate kidney function to measure urea & creatinine in blood
112
describe BLADDER ULTRASOUND
look for stones, elevation of bladder bc big prostate, & check residual urine after peeing
113
define DISTENTION
more than 300-400 mL of urine after peeing
114
describe CYSTOSCOPY
visual exam bladder w/cytoscope thru urethra to examine, treat, & remove tumors, calculi, & inflamed tissues
115
define COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY c
rapidly performed shows additional radiographic imaging of abdomen
116
aka: computed tomography
CT scan
117
define CYSTOGRAPHY
x ray/fluoroscopy of bladder w/contrast
118
describe INTRAVENOUS PYELOGRAM (IVP)
xray images of kidneys, ureters, & bladder w/ contrast to diagnose changes in urinary tract from nephroliths, infections, enlarged prostate, tumors, internal injuries, cysts
119
describe KUB XRAY
xray w/o contrast of kidneys, ureters, bladder to detect bowel obstructions & nephroliths
120
aka: KUB xray
flat-plate of abdomen or kidneys, ureters, bladder xray
121
describe RETROGRADE PYELOGRAM
xray of renal pelvis, ureters, & bladder w/contrast in 1 or both ureters & is generally part of cystoscopy; contrast flows upwards
122
describe VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY
fluoroscopy examine flow of urine from bladder thru urethra w/contrast performed after cystography & xrays taken while peeing
123
describe DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION (DRE)
palpate prostate to detect enlargement, prostate cancer, or rectal tumors
124
describe PROSTATE-SPECIFRIC ANTIGEN (PSA)
screen for prostate cancer by measuring amnt of prostate-specific antigen (higher more likely cancer present)
125
define CREATININE CLEARANCE
urine test estimate glomerular filtration rate to measure glomeruli function
126
define TOXICOLOGY
blood/urine test to check for toxins or poisons
127
define PHENYLKETONURIA TEST (PKU test)
check for phenylketonuria in infants
128
define RENAL ANGIOGRAM
xray & contrast to see flow from vessels to kidneys
129
define 24 HR URINE COLLECTION
pee collected for 24 hrs w/special cup to check kidney function
130
describe CLEAN CATCH MIDSTREAM URINE COLLECTION
method to collect pee w/contamination from germs of other body parts; clean outside tissue & pee little before collecting sample
131
define DRUG TESTING URINE COLLECTION
test for drugs/alcohol needing 30-45 mL of pee
132
define ILE URINE COLLECTION
collected via catheter
133
define LITHOTOMY
surgical incision to remove stone from kidney, gallbladder, or bladder
134
define DIURETICS
meds increase urine secretion to get rid of excess water & salt
135
define ANTISPASMODIC
block signals causing urinary incontinence
136
describe DIALYSIS HEMODIALYSIS
remove waste from patient's blood using a machine & is most common; use shunt in artery to filter w/dialysate & return blood via vein about 4 hrs & repeat about 3 times/week
137
describe PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
lining of peritoneal cavity acts as filter & dialysate flows into peritoneal cavity around intestine thru catheter in abdominal wall to be repeated several times a day & less effective than hemodialysis
138
define NEPHROLYSIS
surgical freeing of kidney from adhesions
139
describe NEPHROSTOMY
catheter to maintain opening from pelvis of 1/both kidneys to exterior to drain kidneys & access kidneys for diagnostics
140
define PYELOTOMY
surgical incision into renal pelvis to remove obstructions
141
define RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
doesn't need to be genetically related and high tissue match success
142
aka: renal transplantation
kidney transplant
143
describe EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCKWAVE LITHOTRIPSY (ESWL)
most common kidney stone treatment where high energy ultrasonic waves thru H2O or gel break stone in ureter, bladder, or urethra to be peed out
144
describe PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY
surgical removal of nephrolith via small back incision where tube inserted in kidney to remove pee, crush stone, & remove pieces; done if ESWL not successful, infection, or large stone
145
define URETERECTOMY
surgical removal of ureter
146
define URETEROSCOPY
treatment for nephrolith in ureter where ureteroscope insert thru urethra & bladder into ureter
147
define CYSTECTOMY
surgical removal of all/part bladder to treat cancer
148
define ILEAL CONDUIT
small piece of intestine carry urine to ureters & stoma
149
aka: ileal conduit
urinary ileostomy
150
define CYSTORRHAPHY
surgical suturing of wound/defect in bladder
151
define LITHOTOMY
uncommon surgical incision to remove nephrolith from bladder
152
define URINARY CATHETERIZATION
withdraw urine for diagnostics, draining, or place fluid
153
aka: urinary catheterization
cathing
154
define STRAIGHT CATHETER
single use
155
describe INDWELLING CATHETER
in body for prolonged period; either urethral or suprapubic
156
define URETHRA CATHETERIZATION
thru urethra into bladder
157
define SUPRAPUBIC CATHETERIZATION
into bladder via small incision above pubic bone
158
describe FOLEY CATHETER
most common indwelling flexible tube w/balloon filled w/sterile water @ end to hold in place; common post-surgery
159
define INTERMITTENT CATHETER
inserted as need several times/day
160
aka: intermittent catheter
short-term catheter
161
define MEATOTOMY
surgical incision in urethra meatus to enlarge opening
162
define URETHROPLASTY
surgical repair of damage/defect in urethra walls
163
define URETHROTOMY
surgical incision into urethra to relieve stricture
164
define ABLATION (in relation to the urinary system)
describe some treatments for prostate cancer by removing body part or destroy function
165
describe PROSTATECTOMY
surgical removal of part/all prostate to treat prostate cancer or reduce enlarged prostate & can lead to erectile difficulties
166
describe TRANSURETHRAL PROSTATECTOMY (TURP)
removal of excess tissue from prostate w/retroscope thru urethra to treat BPH & conditions causing enlarged prostate
167
aka: transurethral prostatectomy
transurethral resection of prostate
168
describe KEGEL EXERCISES
pelvic muscle exercise strengthen pelvic floor to control urinary stress incontinence, treat prostate pain & swelling, recover from birth
169
describe BLADDER RETRAINING
behavioral therapy to urinate on schedule w/increasing intervals & reestablish control & break cycle of frequency & urgency
170
describe RENAL ANGIOPLASTY
dilation/repair of 1/more major blood vessels in kidney w/stent
