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HOSA: Med Term > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

define UREA

A

major waste from protein metabolism

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2
Q

define CREATININE

A

waste from muscle metabolism

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3
Q

define RETROPERITONEAL

A

behind peritoneum

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4
Q

define RENAL CORTEX

A

outer region of kidney

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5
Q

define MEDULLA

A

inner region of kidney w/tubules that collect urine

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6
Q

define NEPHRONS

A

microscopic functional units of each kidney where urine is made via filtration, reabsorption, & secretion

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7
Q

define GLOMERULUS

A

cluster of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule & renal tubule

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8
Q

define BOWMAN’S CAPSULE

A

cup shaped membrane

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9
Q

define RENAL ARTERY

A

place blood enters kidney into nephrons

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10
Q

define RENAL VEIN

A

place where filtered blood leaves after glomerulus

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11
Q

define RENAL PELVIS

A

funnel shaped area inside kidney surrounded by renal cortex & medulla where pee collects thru ureters

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12
Q

define URETERS

A

tubes take pee from kidney to bladder using peristalsis that drain pee from bladder via ureteral orifices

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13
Q

define URINARY BLADDER

A

oval, hollow, & muscular organ that can hold ~ 1 pint lined w/rugae

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14
Q

urethra

A

tube from bladder to outside w/urinary sphincter @ either end; shorter in women than men

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15
Q

define URETHRAL MEATUS

A

external opening of urethra

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16
Q

aka: urethral meatus

A

urinary meatus

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17
Q

define PROSTATE GLAND

A

male reproductive organ that surrounds urethra & can affect urination

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18
Q

aka: urination

A

voiding or micturition

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19
Q

define NEPHROPATHY

A

any kidney disease that is degenerative & inflammatory

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20
Q

define RENAL FAILURE

A

damaged nephrons irreplaceable leads to failure & impressed filtration

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21
Q

aka: renal failure

A

kidney failure

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22
Q

describe AZOTEMIA

A

high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) bc lack of blood flow to kidney

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23
Q

describe UREMIA

A

toxic condition that can stem from azotemia from renal failure leading to waste being retained in the blood

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24
Q

aka: uremia

A

uremic poisoning

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25
Q

describe ACUTE RENAL FAILURE (ARF)

A

sudden onset associated w/uremia bc of not enough blood to kidney

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26
Q

cause: acute renal failure

A

dehydration, sudden drop in blood volume or BP, injury, burns, severe infection

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27
Q

describe CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)

A

progressive loss of renal function leading to buildup of waste causing heart attacks & strokes

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28
Q

define END STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD)

A

final stage of CKD that is fatal unless transplant or dialysis

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29
Q

aka: end stage renal disease

A

kidney failure

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30
Q

describe NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

A

group of s/s in disorders causing glomerulonephritis bc of excessive amnt of protein lost thru urine leading to low protein in blood

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31
Q

aka: nephrotic syndrome

A

nephrosis

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32
Q

define MINIMAL CHANGE DISEASE

A

nephrons look normal under microscope

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33
Q

describe EDEMA

A

excessive fluid accumulation & swelling in tissue; symptom of nephrotic syndrome, kidney disease, & other

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34
Q

define HYPERPROTEINURIA

A

abnormally high concentration of protein in urine

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35
Q

define HYPOPROTEINEMIA

A

abnormally low concentration of protein in blood & associate w/hyperproteinuria

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36
Q

describe ECTOPIC KIDNEY

A

congenital; 1 kidney in weird position/fused with other kidney & increase risk of UTI & nephroliths

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37
Q

describe HYDRONEPHROSIS

A

dilation of 1 or both kidneys bc of backing up of urine from spacings, stricture, or obstruction

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38
Q

describe NEPHRITIS

A

inflammation of kidney or kidneys bc of toxins, infection, autoimmune

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39
Q

describe GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

A

nephritis caused by inflammation of glomeruli; RBCs & proteins leak into urine

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40
Q

define PYONEPHROSIS

A

suppuration of kidney associated w/hydronephrosis

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41
Q

aka: pyonephrosis

A

nephropyosis

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42
Q

describe POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE (PKD)

A

genetic condition where fluid-filled cysts in kidneys replace kidney mass & reduce function leading to kidney failure & enlargement

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43
Q

describe RENAL COLIC

A

acute pain in kidney from blockage bc of nephrolith that comes in waves

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44
Q

describe RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

A

most common kidney cancer asymptomatic until tumor impairs function & can lead to flank pain & blood in urine

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45
Q

aka: renal cell carcinoma

A

hypernephroma

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46
Q

define WILMS TUMOR

A

rare malignant kidney tumor in kids w/high cure rate

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47
Q

aka: Wilms tumor

A

nephroblastoma

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48
Q

define STONE

A

abnormal mineral deposit

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49
Q

aka: stone

A

calculus or calculi

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50
Q

define NEPHROLITHIASIS

A

presence of stones in kidney

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51
Q

aka: nephrolith

A

kidney stone or renal calculus

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52
Q

describe URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION

A

blockage preventing flow of urine bc of stones, congenital abnormalities, or enlarged prostate

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53
Q

define URETEROLITH

A

stone anywhere along ureter

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54
Q

define CYSTOLITH

A

stone in bladder

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55
Q

define CYSTOLITHIASIS

A

bladder in stones

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56
Q

describe HYDROURETER

A

distention of ureter w/blocked urine bc blockage & always accompanies hydronephrosis

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57
Q

describe URETERAL OBSTRUCTION

A

blockage of 1 or both ureters bc of congenital, ureterolith, or other disorders

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58
Q

define URETERORRHAGIA

A

discharge of blood from ureter

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59
Q

define CYSTOCELE

A

hernia of bladder thru vaginal wall

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60
Q

aka: cystocele

A

prolapsed bladder

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61
Q

describe INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

A

chronic inflammation of walls of bladder w/symptoms similar to cystitis but doesn’t respond to traditional treatment

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62
Q

define VESICOURETERAL REFLUX (VUR)

A

retrograde flow of urine into ureters from bladder common in infants & kids

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63
Q

describe VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA

A

fistula between bladder & vagina leading to involuntary flow bc of tissue damage or surgery; s/s: fecal or urinary incontinence

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64
Q

describe NEUROGENIC BLADDER

A

interference w/nerve pathways associate w/peeing leads to urinary retention & incontinence

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65
Q

cause: neurogenic bladder

A

nervous system tumor, trauma, neuropathy, inflammatory condition (MS)

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66
Q

describe BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)

A

in men +50 yrs abnormal enlargement of prostate not caused by cancer or infection; s/s: difficult/frequent nutrition

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67
Q

aka: benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

benign prostatic hypertrophy or enlarged prostate or prostatomegaly

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68
Q

describe PROSTATISM

A

compression or obstruction of urethra bc of benign prostatic hyperplasia leads to difficulty in urination

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69
Q

describe PROSTATE CANCER

A

one of most common in men +50 yrs & can grow slowly & asymptomatic or opposite

70
Q

define PROSTATITIS

A

group of disorders w/inflammation of prostate

71
Q

define URETHRORRHAGIA

A

bleeding from urethra

72
Q

define URETHORRHEA

A

abnormal discharge from urethra associated w/STDs

73
Q

describe URETHROSTENOSIS

A

narrowing of urethra almost exclusive in men from scarring from infection/injury

74
Q

aka: urethrostenosis

A

urethral stricture

75
Q

define EPISPADIAS

A

congenital abnormality of urethral opening

76
Q

define HYPOSPADIAS

A

congenital abnormality of urethral opening

77
Q

describe URINARY TRACT INFECTION

A

bacterial infection generally beginning in bladder; can lead to weakness, infection, & urosepsis in elderly

78
Q

s/s: urinary tract infection

A

pain, burning when peeing, fever, fatigue, urinary urgency, pain in low back

79
Q

describe UROSEPSIS

A

life threatening systemic bacterial infection bc UTI spreads to kidneys

80
Q

define RECURRENT UTI

A

cystitis at least 2 times in 6 months or more than 3 times in 1 year

81
Q

define CYSTITIS

A

inflammation of bladder

82
Q

describe PYELONEPHRITIS

A

inflammation of both renal pelvis lining & kidney from bacterial infection spreading up from bladder

83
Q

define URETHRITIS

A

inflammation of urethra

84
Q

define ANURIA

A

absence of urine forming in kidney

85
Q

define DIURESIS

A

high output of urine

86
Q

define DYSURIA

A

difficult or painful urination & associated w/UTIs

87
Q

define ENURESIS

A

involuntary discharge of urine

88
Q

define NOCTURNAL ENURESIS

A

urine incontinence during sleep

89
Q

aka: nocturnal enuresis

A

bed wetting

90
Q

define NOCTURIA

A

frequent & excessive urination during night

91
Q

define OLIGURIA

A

scanty urination from dehydration, renal, failure, urinary tract obstruction

92
Q

describe POLYURIA

A

excessive urination; symptom of diabetes

93
Q

describe URINARY HESITANCY

A

difficulty starting urine stream; common in old men w/enlarged prostate

94
Q

define BASHFUL BLADDER SYNDROME

A

inability to pee in presence of others in young ppl

95
Q

describe URINARY RETENTION

A

inability to completely empty bladder more common in men & associated w/enlarged prostate

96
Q

define INCONTINENCE

A

inability to control excretion of urine, feces, or both

97
Q

describe OVERFLOW INCONTINENCE

A

continuous leaking bc bladder doesn’t empty completely or is full

98
Q

define STRESS INCONTINENCE

A

can’t control voiding under physical stress

99
Q

describe OVERACTIVE BLADDER (OAB)

A

bladder muscles involuntary contract when bladder not full enough to pee causing sphincters to relax & increase incontinence/frequency

100
Q

aka: overactive bladder

A

urge incontinence

101
Q

define GLYCOSURIA

A

carbs/sugars in urine

102
Q

define HEMATURIA

A

blood/blood cells in urine

103
Q

describe URINARY URGENCY

A

sudden, compelling urge to pee associated w/many disorders & increase w/age

104
Q

define RENAL HYPERTENSION

A

hypertension from kidney disease

105
Q

describe RENAL ISCHEMIA

A

blood flow to glomerulus severely decreased leading to atrophy & scarring of kidneys; gen from nephrosclerosis

106
Q

describe NEPHROSCLEROSIS

A

arteriole walls in kidneys narrow & thick from essential hypertension

107
Q

describe URINALYSIS

A

examine urine for abnormal elements diagnose disease, kidney damage, pregnancy, & presence of drugs; analyzes color, pH, glucose, protein, ketones, occuli hematuria, leukocytes, nitrites, bilirubin, specific gravity, & microscopic

108
Q

define DIPSTICK URINALYSIS

A

urinalysis screen for chemical changes in pee

109
Q

define MANUAL/MICROSCOPIC URINALYSIS

A

test urine sediment w/centrifuge

110
Q

define GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)

A

blood test to check kidney function filtering to diagnose CKD & kidney failure

111
Q

define BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN) TEST

A

to indicate kidney function to measure urea & creatinine in blood

112
Q

describe BLADDER ULTRASOUND

A

look for stones, elevation of bladder bc big prostate, & check residual urine after peeing

113
Q

define DISTENTION

A

more than 300-400 mL of urine after peeing

114
Q

describe CYSTOSCOPY

A

visual exam bladder w/cytoscope thru urethra to examine, treat, & remove tumors, calculi, & inflamed tissues

115
Q

define COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY c

A

rapidly performed shows additional radiographic imaging of abdomen

116
Q

aka: computed tomography

117
Q

define CYSTOGRAPHY

A

x ray/fluoroscopy of bladder w/contrast

118
Q

describe INTRAVENOUS PYELOGRAM (IVP)

A

xray images of kidneys, ureters, & bladder w/ contrast to diagnose changes in urinary tract from nephroliths, infections, enlarged prostate, tumors, internal injuries, cysts

119
Q

describe KUB XRAY

A

xray w/o contrast of kidneys, ureters, bladder to detect bowel obstructions & nephroliths

120
Q

aka: KUB xray

A

flat-plate of abdomen or kidneys, ureters, bladder xray

121
Q

describe RETROGRADE PYELOGRAM

A

xray of renal pelvis, ureters, & bladder w/contrast in 1 or both ureters & is generally part of cystoscopy; contrast flows upwards

122
Q

describe VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY

A

fluoroscopy examine flow of urine from bladder thru urethra w/contrast performed after cystography & xrays taken while peeing

123
Q

describe DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION (DRE)

A

palpate prostate to detect enlargement, prostate cancer, or rectal tumors

124
Q

describe PROSTATE-SPECIFRIC ANTIGEN (PSA)

A

screen for prostate cancer by measuring amnt of prostate-specific antigen (higher more likely cancer present)

125
Q

define CREATININE CLEARANCE

A

urine test estimate glomerular filtration rate to measure glomeruli function

126
Q

define TOXICOLOGY

A

blood/urine test to check for toxins or poisons

127
Q

define PHENYLKETONURIA TEST (PKU test)

A

check for phenylketonuria in infants

128
Q

define RENAL ANGIOGRAM

A

xray & contrast to see flow from vessels to kidneys

129
Q

define 24 HR URINE COLLECTION

A

pee collected for 24 hrs w/special cup to check kidney function

130
Q

describe CLEAN CATCH MIDSTREAM URINE COLLECTION

A

method to collect pee w/contamination from germs of other body parts; clean outside tissue & pee little before collecting sample

131
Q

define DRUG TESTING URINE COLLECTION

A

test for drugs/alcohol needing 30-45 mL of pee

132
Q

define ILE URINE COLLECTION

A

collected via catheter

133
Q

define LITHOTOMY

A

surgical incision to remove stone from kidney, gallbladder, or bladder

134
Q

define DIURETICS

A

meds increase urine secretion to get rid of excess water & salt

135
Q

define ANTISPASMODIC

A

block signals causing urinary incontinence

136
Q

describe DIALYSIS HEMODIALYSIS

A

remove waste from patient’s blood using a machine & is most common; use shunt in artery to filter w/dialysate & return blood via vein about 4 hrs & repeat about 3 times/week

137
Q

describe PERITONEAL DIALYSIS

A

lining of peritoneal cavity acts as filter & dialysate flows into peritoneal cavity around intestine thru catheter in abdominal wall to be repeated several times a day & less effective than hemodialysis

138
Q

define NEPHROLYSIS

A

surgical freeing of kidney from adhesions

139
Q

describe NEPHROSTOMY

A

catheter to maintain opening from pelvis of 1/both kidneys to exterior to drain kidneys & access kidneys for diagnostics

140
Q

define PYELOTOMY

A

surgical incision into renal pelvis to remove obstructions

141
Q

define RENAL TRANSPLANTATION

A

doesn’t need to be genetically related and high tissue match success

142
Q

aka: renal transplantation

A

kidney transplant

143
Q

describe EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCKWAVE LITHOTRIPSY (ESWL)

A

most common kidney stone treatment where high energy ultrasonic waves thru H2O or gel break stone in ureter, bladder, or urethra to be peed out

144
Q

describe PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY

A

surgical removal of nephrolith via small back incision where tube inserted in kidney to remove pee, crush stone, & remove pieces; done if ESWL not successful, infection, or large stone

145
Q

define URETERECTOMY

A

surgical removal of ureter

146
Q

define URETEROSCOPY

A

treatment for nephrolith in ureter where ureteroscope insert thru urethra & bladder into ureter

147
Q

define CYSTECTOMY

A

surgical removal of all/part bladder to treat cancer

148
Q

define ILEAL CONDUIT

A

small piece of intestine carry urine to ureters & stoma

149
Q

aka: ileal conduit

A

urinary ileostomy

150
Q

define CYSTORRHAPHY

A

surgical suturing of wound/defect in bladder

151
Q

define LITHOTOMY

A

uncommon surgical incision to remove nephrolith from bladder

152
Q

define URINARY CATHETERIZATION

A

withdraw urine for diagnostics, draining, or place fluid

153
Q

aka: urinary catheterization

154
Q

define STRAIGHT CATHETER

A

single use

155
Q

describe INDWELLING CATHETER

A

in body for prolonged period; either urethral or suprapubic

156
Q

define URETHRA CATHETERIZATION

A

thru urethra into bladder

157
Q

define SUPRAPUBIC CATHETERIZATION

A

into bladder via small incision above pubic bone

158
Q

describe FOLEY CATHETER

A

most common indwelling flexible tube w/balloon filled w/sterile water @ end to hold in place; common post-surgery

159
Q

define INTERMITTENT CATHETER

A

inserted as need several times/day

160
Q

aka: intermittent catheter

A

short-term catheter

161
Q

define MEATOTOMY

A

surgical incision in urethra meatus to enlarge opening

162
Q

define URETHROPLASTY

A

surgical repair of damage/defect in urethra walls

163
Q

define URETHROTOMY

A

surgical incision into urethra to relieve stricture

164
Q

define ABLATION (in relation to the urinary system)

A

describe some treatments for prostate cancer by removing body part or destroy function

165
Q

describe PROSTATECTOMY

A

surgical removal of part/all prostate to treat prostate cancer or reduce enlarged prostate & can lead to erectile difficulties

166
Q

describe TRANSURETHRAL PROSTATECTOMY (TURP)

A

removal of excess tissue from prostate w/retroscope thru urethra to treat BPH & conditions causing enlarged prostate

167
Q

aka: transurethral prostatectomy

A

transurethral resection of prostate

168
Q

describe KEGEL EXERCISES

A

pelvic muscle exercise strengthen pelvic floor to control urinary stress incontinence, treat prostate pain & swelling, recover from birth

169
Q

describe BLADDER RETRAINING

A

behavioral therapy to urinate on schedule w/increasing intervals & reestablish control & break cycle of frequency & urgency

170
Q

describe RENAL ANGIOPLASTY

A

dilation/repair of 1/more major blood vessels in kidney w/stent

HOSA: Med Term (20 decks)

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