Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
define GLAND
A
group of specialized epithelial cells producing secretions
2
Q
define EXOCRINE GLANDS & give examples
A
secrete hormones into ducts (ex: salivary, mmmary, sweat)
3
Q
define HORMONES
A
chemical messengers from endocrine glands that affect almost every organ & cell
4
Q
describe ENDOCRINE GLANDS
A
don’t have ducts so release hormones into blood streams; 13 glands of this type
5
Q
describe PITUITARY GLANDS
A
pea-sized gland that hangs below hypothalamus that control activity of other endocrine gland & responds to stimuli from neurohormones secreted by hypothalamus; 2 parts (posterior & anterior)
6
Q
define ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
A
hormone of anterior pituitary that controls cortisol production
7
Q
define FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
A
hormone of anterior pituitary controlling estrogen secretion, ova growth, & sperm production
8
Q
define GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
A
hormone of anterior pituitary growth of bone, muscle, body & development
9
Q
define LACTOGENIC HORMONE (LTH)
A
hormone of anterior pituitary stimulate & maintain breast milk & breast development
10
Q
aka: lactogenic hormone
A
prolactin
11
Q
define LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
A
hormone of anterior pituitary control ovulation & testosterone
12
Q
define MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH)
A
hormone of anterior pituitary increase production of melanin & generally high in pregnancy
13
Q
define THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
A
hormone of anterior pituitary that stimulate & regulate thyroid function
14
Q
describe ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
A
hormone of posterior pituitary secreted by hypothalamus & stored in pituitary, lower water excretion thru kidneys leading to blood pressure & constricts blood vessels
15
Q
define OXYTOCIN (OXT)
A
hormone of posterior pituitary that control birth contractions, controls postnatal hemorrhage, & stimulate milk release
16
Q
define PITOCIN
A
synthetic oxytocin
17
Q
aka: pineal gland
A
pineal body
18
Q
define MELATONIN
A
regulate circadian rhythm
19
Q
define THYROID GLAND
A
either side of larynx below thyroid cartilage to regulate metabolism, growth, function of nervous system
20
Q
list hormones of pituitary
A
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- follicle-stimulating hormone
- growth hormone
- lactogenic hormone
- luteinizing hormone
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone
- thyroid-stimulating hormone
- antidiuretic hormone
- oxytocin
21
Q
describe THYROXINE (T4)
A
hormone of thyroid; controls metabolism & temperature
22
Q
describe TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
A
hormone of thyroid; control metabolism & temperature & is more powerful than T4; rate of secretion controlled by TSH
23
Q
describe CALCITONIN
A
hormone of thyroid; works w/parathyroid hormone that lowers calcium in blood/tissue by moving into bone
24
Q
list hormones of thyroid
A
thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin
25
define PARATHYROID GLANDS
size of grain of rice in posterior surface of thyroid gland
26
define PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
increase blood calcium levels via breakdown of bone
27
define THYMUS
near midline in anterior thoracic to develop immune before brith & during childhood & slowly turns into fat
28
define THYMOSIN
turns mature lymphocytes into T cells
29
define PANCREAS
feather shaped organ posterior to stomach
30
define PANCREATIC ISLETS
part of pancreas w/endocrine function that controls blood glucose & glucose metabolism
31
define GLUCOSE
basic form of energy
32
define GLUCAGON
secreted by alpha cells in pancreas to respond to low levels of glucose by telling liver to convert glycogen into glucose to increase blood glucose
33
define INSULIN
secreted by beta cells in pacnreas to respond to low blood sugar levels
34
list hormones of pancreas
pancreatic islets, glucose, glucagon, insulin
35
aka: adrenal glands
suprarenals
36
define ADRENAL CORTEX
outer portion of adrenal gland
37
list hormones of adrenal cortex
androgens, estrogen, progestin, corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids (aldosterone & deoxycorticosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol & cortisone)
38
define CORTICOSTEROIDS
steroid hormone from adrenal cortex
39
define MINERALOCORTICOIDS
group of hormones balance fluid & electrolyte levels
40
describing ALDOSTERONE
corticosteroid (of mineralcorticoids) of the adrenal cortex regulating fluid balance, blood pressure, & electrolyte concentrations (increase Nareabsorption & K excretion)
41
define DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE
building block for ALD secreted by adrenal cortex
42
define GLUCOCORTICOIDS
group of hormones secreted by adrenal cortex metabolize carbs, proteins, & fats
43
define CORTISOL
glucorticoid that is an antinflammatory corticosteroid that regulates blood glucose levels & metabolism
44
aka: cortisol
hydrocortisone
45
define CORTISONE
glucocorticoids that regulate blood glucose levels
46
define ADRENAL MEDULLA
middle portion of adrenal gland secreting epinephrine & norepinephrine
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describe EPINEPHRINE
hormone of adrenal medulla stimulate sympathetic nervous & intensify stress & trigger 4Fs; increases bpm, BP, & respiration; liver releases glucose & limites insulin
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describe NOREPINEPHRINE
adrenal hormone and sympathetic neurohormone that preps body for stress response by acting as vasoconstrictor by increasing BP, strengthens heart beat, & stimulates muscle contractions
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define ELECTROLYTES
mineral substances in bodily fluids (Ca, chloride, magnesium, phosphorous, sodium, & potassium)
50
define GONADS
glands that produce gametes & develop & maintain secondary sex
51
describe PUBERTY
time for maturing of genital organs & development of secondary sex traits; 12 yrs for girls & 11 for boys
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define PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
early onset puberty before 8 in girls & 9 in boys
53
define ESTROGEN
secreted by ovaries to develop secondary sex & menstrual regulation
54
define PROGESTERONE
released during 2nd half of cycle from corpus luteum in ovary to complete prep of uterus & maintain pregnancy
55
define GONADOTROPIN
any hormone that stimulates gonads; produced by gonads
56
describe ANDROGENS
sex hormones secreted by gonads, adrenal cortex, & fat cells; primarily composed of testosterone to develop & maintain male characteristics
57
define TESTOSTERONE
steroid hormone from testicles & adrenal cortex to develop male secondary sex & sperm production
58
define STEROIDS
large family of hormones derived from cholesterol that relieve swelling & inflammation (estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, etc)
59
describe ANABOLIC STEROID
man-made chemically related male sex hormone to treat hormone issues in men & replace muscle mass lost from disease
60
name some hormones fat cells secrete
leptin & ghrelin
61
describe LEPTIN
hormone secreted by fat cells & regulate appetite by acting on hypothalamus to suppress appetite & burn fat
62
define GHRELIN
hormone secreted by fat cells & made in GI tract responsible for hunger
63
define NEUROHORMONES
produced & released by neurons in brain rather than endocrine glands via blood stream
64
define ADENITIS
inflammation of gland
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define ADENOCARCINOMA
malignant tumor originating in glands & can spread
66
describe MESENTERIC ADENITIS
inflammation of lymph nodes in abdomen; s/s: similar to appendicitis
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define APPENDICITIS
inflammation of appendix bc of blockage leading to infection
68
define ADENOMA
benign tumor start in epithelial tissue
69
define ADENOSIS
any disease/condition of gland
70
describe ACROMEGALY
rare abnormal enlargement of hands, feet, & face from malfunction of hypothalamus/anterior pituitary leading to excess GH after puberty
71
define GIGANTISM
abnormal growth of entire body from excessive growth hormone before puberty
72
define HYPERPITUITARISM
excess secretion of growth hormone causing acromegaly & gigantism
73
define HYPOPITUITARISM
pituitary gland doesn't make enough GH
74
define PITUITARY ADENOMA
slow growing & benign tumor
75
aka: pituitary adenoma
pituitary tumor
76
define FUNCTIONAL PITUITARY TUMORS
make lots of hormones unregulated (ACTH, growth, prolactin, TSH)
77
define GALACTORRHEA
excess prolactin causes milk to be produced to spontaneously
78
define PROLACTINOMA
benign functional pituitary tumor where the pituitary makes too much prolactin causing infertility in women, erectile dysfunction, & vision impairment
79
describe DIABETES INSIPIDUS
not related to diabetes mellitus & uncommon; not enough ADH or kidneys can't respond to ADH so the resulting imbalance of fluid leads to extreme thirst & frequent pee
80
describe SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE SECRETION (SIADH)
overproduction of ADH leads to hypervolemia & hyponatremia so the kidneys don't excrete H2o causing bloating 7 water retention; cause: cancer/cancer treatment
81
describe PINEALOMA
pineal tumor that disrupt melatonin production
82
define THYROID CARCINOMA
most common cancer of endocrine system
83
describe HYPOTHYROIDISM
deficiency of thyroid secretion w/fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, & decreased metabolism
84
aka: hypothyroidism
underactive thyroid
85
hashimoto's disease
autoimmune where thyroid glands destroyed * inflammation contributes to hypothyroidism
86
aka: Hashimoto's disease
hashimoto's thyroiditis
87
describe CRETINISM
congenital form of hypothyroidism from lack of thyroid hormone secretion; lead to delayed growth and/or abnormal physical & mental development
88
describe MYXEDEMA
extreme defiicency of thyroid secretions in older kids & adults w/puffy skin & swelling gen eye & cheek, fatuge, subnormal temp, swelling of laryngeal & pharyngeal mucous membranes
89
aka: myxedema
adult hypothyroidism
90
describe HYPERTHYROIDISM
overproduction of thyroid hormones most commonly caused by Graves' disease leading to an increase in metabolism, sweating, nervousness, & weight loss
91
aka: hyperthyroidism
thyrotoxicosis
92
describe GRAVES' DISEASE
autoimmune that attacks thyroid leading to hyperthyroidism leading to goiter, exophthalmos, & enlarged thyroid
93
describe GOITER
abnormal, benign enlargement of thyroid leading to swelling of anterior neck from thyroid hormone deficiency (Graves', iodine deficiency, thyroid nodules, etc)
94
aka: goiter
thyromegaly
95
describe THYROID NODULES
lumps that can grow to cause goiter & either benign, malignant, or make too much thyroxine
96
describe EXOPHTHALMOS
abnormal protrusion of eye out of orbit from hyperthyroidism causing an increase in tissue volume behind the eye for it to bulge
97
conditions associated w/high thyroid secretions
hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, Goiter, exophthalmos, & thyroid storm
98
describe THYROID STORM
rare & life threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism; s/s: fever, chest pain, palpitations, SOB, tremors, increase sweating, disorientation, & fatigue
99
aka: thyroid storm
thyrotoxic crisis
100
describe HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
overproduction of parathyroid hormone leading to hypercalcemia from bone degeneration; caused by a disorder of parathyroid/other body part
101
aka: hyperparathyroidism
von Recklinghausen's disease of bone
102
define HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
insufficient/absent parathyroid hormone leading to hypocalcemia & tetany
103
describe TETANY
periodic, painful muscle spasms/tremors; sustained contractions; or nervous excitability caused by PTH deficiency & inadequate Ca
104
describe HYPERCALCEMIA
abnormally high level of calcium in blood leading to weakened bones & kidney stones
105
define HYPOCALCEMIA
abnormally low level of calcium in blood
106
describe MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
autoimmune where antibodies block muscle receptors so muscles weak, fatigue, & nerve signals lost generally associated w/abnormally large thymus or thymoma
107
define INSULINOMA
benign pancreatic tumor of beta cells in islets of Langerhans that make additional insulin and lead to hypoglycemia
108
define PANCREATITIS
inflammation of pancreas from alcohol abuse
109
describe HYPERGLYCEMIA
abnormally high glucose in blood generally associated w/diabetes mellitus; s/s: polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria
110
define POLYDIPSIA
excessive thirst
111
define POLYPHAGIA
excessive hunger
112
define POLYURIA
excessive urination
113
describe HYPOGLYCEMIA
abnormally low glucose in blood; s/s: nervousness, shakiness, confusion, perspiration, anxiety/weakness
114
define HYPERINSULINISM
too much insulin in bloodstream & can lead to hypoglycemia
115
describe DIABETES MELLITUS
most common; group of metabolic disorder w/hyperglycemia w/increase in glucose in blood/urine & vessel damage
116
s/s: diabetes mellitus
acetone (fruity breath), abdominal pain, glycosuria, hyperventilation, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, slow healing, etc
116
describe TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
autoimmune defect in insulin production bc pancreatic islet beta cells/abnormalities in islets of Langerhans; onset triggered by viral infection
117
s/s: type 1 diabetes mellitus
polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, blurred vision, extreme fatigue, slow healing, stupor, nausea, vomiting
118
aka: type 1 diabetes mellitus
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
119
describe TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
unable to use insulin properly/insulin resistance w/normal insulin production; the lack of response causes an increase in insulin secretion
120
aka: type 2 diabetes mellitus
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
121
define PREDIABETES
glucose higher than normal but not high enough for type 2
122
s/s: type 2 diabetes mellitus
asymptomatic otherwise same s/s o as type 1 diabetes mellitus + irritability, recurring infections, tingling in hands/feet, acetone, abdominal pain, glycosuria, hyperventilation
123
describe LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES IN ADULTS (LADA)
type 1 autoimmune diabetes develops in adults w/same characteristics as type 2 & generally in adults w/normal to low body weight & history of type 1
124
define GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM)
begin ~ 24th week affecting 2-10% US pregnancies & resolve after birth but increase risk of developing type 2 diabetes
125
define DIABETIC COMA
stupor/coma caused by hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia & can be fatal if untreated
126
s/s: diabetic coma
flushed face, fruity breath, low BP, weak & rapid pulse, dry skin & tongue, urine has sugar & acetone, labored & prolonged breaths
127
describe DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS (DKA)
life-threatening complication of buildup of acid waste product (ketone bodies) in blood from high blood glucose levels; treated w/insulin, replacement fluids, & electrolytes
128
s/s: severe hypoglycemia
headache, pale face, shallow/rapid breaths, normal BP, full & pounding pulse, sweating, trembling, pee negative for sugar & acetone
129
aka: severe hypoglycemia
insulin shock, diabetic shock, & insulin reaction
130
define DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
diabetes damage vessels of retina & can lead to blood collecting into posterior segment of eye causing vision loss
131
describe KETOSIS
process help utilize fat when energy lacking; a high ketosis level causes not enough insulin to turn glucose into energy
132
describe KETOGENIC DIET
high fat & low carb; can help manage epileptic seizures
133
describe ADDISON'S DISEASE
adrenal glands don't make enough cortisol & sometimes aldosterone; life threatening
134
s/s: Addison's disease
chronic & worsening fatigue & muscle weakness, loss of appetite, low BP, weight loss, patches of dark skin, progressive anemia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, joint pain
135
define ADRENALITIS
inflammation of 1/both adrenal glands
136
describe ALDOSTERONISM
abnormality of electrolyte balance from excessive secretion of aldosterone; s/s: high BP
137
aka: Cushing's syndrome
hypercortisolism
138
describe CUSHING'S SYNDROME
condition caused by prolonged exposure to high cortisol either from overproduction/prolonged use of corticosteroids/tumor
139
s/s: Cushing's syndrome
rounded red "moon" face, weakness, thin, easily bruised skin, hypertension, weight gain
140
define HYPERGONADISM
excessive secretion from sex glands leading to early onset of puberty & increased libido
141
define GYNECOMASTIA
excessive mammary development in men from hormonal imbalance/hormone therapy (high in estrogen or low in testosterone)
142
describe HYPOGONADISM
deficiency of sex hormones leading to erectile dysfunction, low sperm count, decreased libido, infertility, & increase risk for cardiovascular/diabetes/other; more common than hypergonadism
143
define ADRENAL FEMINIZATION
pathological development of female secondary sex traits in person w/male anatomy
144
define ACIDOSIS
increase in acidity of blood, body fluids, & tissues from excess hydrogen ions
145
define ADRENAL VIRLISM
presence/development of male secondary sex traits in person w/female anatomy
146
define OBESITY
abnormal amnt of fat on body being > 20% over average weight for age, sex, build, & height
147
define PANHYPOPITUITARISM
inadequate secretion/total lack of anterior pituitary hormones
148
define PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
tumor of adrenal glands that secrete excess epinephrine & norepinephrin
149
s/s: pheochromocytoma
pounding headaches, hypertension, palpitations, paleness, shortness of breath
150
describe RADIOACTIVE IODINE UPTAKE TEST (RAIU)
radioactive iodine ingested orally & radioactivity measured 6-24 hrs later w/gamma probe; measure thyroid function
151
describe THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE ASSAY
measures circulating blood level of TSH to detect abnormal thyroid activity from excessive pituitary stimulation
152
define THYROID SCAN
measures thyroid function
153
define FASTING BLOOD SUGAR TEST (FBS)
measure glucose after not eating for 8-12 hrs to screen for diabetes/other diseases & monitor treatment
154
aka: fasting blood sugar test
fasting plasma glucose test or fasting glucose
155
describe ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (OGTT)
fast for at least 8 hrs for baseline blood draw then drink liquid w/high glucose & test glucose 1 & 2 hrs later; diagnose type 2/gestational diabetes
156
define HOME BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING
measure current blood sugar level w/blood drop
157
define CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING (CGM)
sensor under skin tests cellular fluid & transmit finding to device to track glucose over 24 hrs
158
define HEMOGLOBIN A1c TESTING
blood test to measure avg blood sugar over past 3-4 months
159
aka: hemoglobin A1c testing
HbA1c or A1c
160
define FRUCTOSAMINE TEST
mesure avg blood sugar over past 3 weeks to detect changes faster than HbA1c
161
describe BLOOD SERUM TEST
group of tests to measure blood for specific levels of hormones/other substances to determine how well glands & organs function; substances = LH, FSH, ACTH, ADH, GH, cortisol, progesterone, insulin, testosterone, Ca, Na, K, glucose
162
define CATECHOLAMINES TESTS
patient collects urine over 24 hrs to measure catecholamines to detect/monitor pheochromocytoma or neuroblastoma
163
define CATECHOLAMINES
hormones secreted by adrenal medulla measured thru urine or blood
164
define GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (GTT)
glucose given & blood drawn @ different times to determine response to insulin & diagnose diabetes
165
define HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN TEST (qualitative)
determine if HCG is in blood/urine to determine pregnancy
166
define HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN TEST(quantitative)
measures amnt of HCG in blood to diagnose abnormal conditions (ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, testicular/ovarian cancer) & fetal age
167
aka: human chorionic gonadotropin tests
HCG tests
168
define PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE TEST (PBI)
blood test indirectly measure thyroid activity by finding amnt of protein-bound iodine in blood to estimate amnt of thyroid hormone
169
define RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (RIA)
radioactive chemical injected in blood measure very small amnt of substances in plasma, specifically protein-bound hormones
170
define THYROID &/or PARAYTHYROID ULTRASOUND (US)
ultrasound check for size of glands & determine if lump is cyst or tumor
171
describe THYROID FUNCTION TEST (TFT)
panel of tests determine thyroid function; high levels can aggravate male reproductive disorders; parts = LATS test, TSH test, TBG test, t4 test, T3RU test, T3 test
172
define LONG ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR TEST (LATS) test
detect LATS in blood; LATS can lead to hyperthyroidism
173
define THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) TEST
measure amnt of TSH in blood & most accurate for thyroid activity
174
describe THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN (TBG) TEST
measure amnt of thyroxine-binding globulin in blood & reliable indicator of T3 & T4 levels (bc it binds to it)
175
define THYROXINE (t4) TEST
measure amnt of t4
176
define TRIIODOTHYRONINE RESIN UPTAKE (T3RU) TEST
measure amnt of T4 in blood by testing for T3RU levels
177
define TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) TEST
measure amnt of T3
178
describe THYROID SCAN (iodine/technetium) ?
patient swallows/injected radioactive & camera records accumulation of chemical moving into thyroid to show thyroid activity & diagnose thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, & thyroid tumors
179
define HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (HGH)
synthetic version of growth hormone sometimes abused by athletes & can be used to stimulate skeletal growth in kids
180
describe HYPOPHYSECTOMY
surgical removal of pituitary gland to treat tumors; done thru nose/skull opening
181
define ANTITHYROID DRUG
slow/block thyroid hormone production to treat hyperthyroidism from Graves' disease
182
aka: antithyroid drug
antithyroid agents
183
define RADIOACTIVE IODINE TREATMENT (RAI)
oral radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells to disable at least part of thyroid to treat cancer & chronic hyperthyroid disorders
184
define LOBECTOMY
surgical removal of 1 lobe of thyroid/liver/brain/lung
185
define THYROID REPLACEMENT THERAPY
use synthetic thyroid hormones to replace lost thyroid function
186
define PARATHYROIDECTOMY
surgical removal of 1/more parathyroid glands to treat hyperparathyroidism or remove tumors
187
define THYMECTOMY
surgical removal of thymus
188
define PACREATECTOMY
surgical removal of all/part of pancreas
189
define TOTAL PANCREATECTOMY
removes spleen, gallbladder, common bile duct, & parts of small intestine & stomach to treat cancer
190
define LAPAROSCOPIC ADRENALECTOMY
minimally invasive procedure remove 1/both adrenal glands
191
define CORTISOL
synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids to suppress inflammation & immune
192
define THYROIDECTOMY
surgical removal of all/part of thyroid
193
define HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY
artificial hormone replacement given orally, iintravenously topically (patches), or pellets (under skin) to correct hypothyroidism & treat symptoms of menopause
194
define INSULIN REPLACEMENT THERAPY
natural/synthetic insulin for type 1 DM or severe type 2 DM; possible side effect being weight gain
195
define ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS
oral drugs to reduce blood glucose
196
define SYNTHETIC ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
treat SIADH; vasopressin is a synthetic ADH
197
define SYNTHETIC GLUCORTICOIDS
treat Addison's disease & can cause adverse side effects (like Cushings) if used for long time
